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CONCLUSION #3. "Direct Relationship between Species Lifespan and Population Doublings of Their Cultured Normal Cells. Several years ago we suggested that the population doubling potential of cultured fibroblasts from several animal species revealed a surprisingly good direct correlation with maximum species lifespan." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

PROPERTIES OF MORTAL CELLS #2. "Human diploid cells undergo a number of population doublings inversely proportional to donor age. This suggested to us that the finite replicative capacity of cultured normal cells is an expression of aging at the cell level. This notion received considerable experimental support in subsequent years and became the basis for the field of cell aging." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

CONCLUSION #2. "Changes That Precede Phase III. More than two hundred changes in biological activity have been shown to occur in cultured normal human fibroblasts as they age in vitro. Of great importance is that many of these changes are identical to the changes recognized as characteristic of aging in intact humans." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

"DECEIT POLLINATION evolved at least once, in the stem group of all orchids except Apostasioideae, and then was lost" in 21 other groups. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151553 View in LinkedIn

"FRAUDS are imposters, individuals who cheat and deceive. They abound in many facets of nature. Among flowering plants, perhaps the most infamous frauds are the orchids. Flowers of a third or more of the Orchidsceae deceive their pollinators by some means or another. Obviously, this is a rather disreputable family." A lovely Victorian voice. https://lnkd.in/db9X2SK View in LinkedIn

UNRIVALLED AMONGST PLANTS. "The diversity of plant–pollinator interactions in orchids is unrivalled by any other group of plants. The spectacular floral diversity of orchids, and the fact that many are pollinated by a single species, has led to an historic belief that pollinator isolation is the predominant reproductive barrier in the family." https://lnkd.in/dU8FUkt View in LinkedIn

DRIVERS OF ORCHID DIVERSITY. "The evolution of pollinia, specialization on individual pollinators or mycorrhizal fungi, pollination via deceit, euglossine bees or Lepidoptera, epiphytism per se or associated traits such as CAM photosynthesis, and predominant distribution in the tropics (and especially in extensive cordilleras) have all been proposed as drivers of the extraordinary species richness of orchids." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151553 View in LinkedIn

SUPERLATIVE ON MANY FRONTS. "Orchids display extraordinary floral diversity, with striking adaptations to different pollinators among close relatives, partitioning of individual pollinators by precise placement of pollen packets (pollinia) on different parts of their bodies, and extreme convergence and divergence among crossable taxa." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151553 View in LinkedIn

MOST DIVERSIFIED. "The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp−1 My−1) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151553 View in LinkedIn

KISSING COUSINS. "The Orchidaceae (are) the largest family in species number. The ease of hybridisation means more than 100,000 hybrids have been created, more than any other floricultural crop.” https://lnkd.in/dyinqbV View in LinkedIn