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CONTROL SYSTEMS. "Evidence is accumulating that major gene-switching events in plants, such as flowering, are regulated by complex control systems which ensures that development occurs only in the correct groups of cells at the appropriate time. A similar, or more sophisticated system might thus be expected to regulate alternation of generation." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1994.tb01277.x/abstract View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENT EVOLUTIONARY PATHS. "The developmental changes involved in the alternation of generation represent the major gene-switching events in the life history of plants. While a large number of genes are common to both sporophyte and gametophyte, many thousand sequences are specifically expressed in each generation; indeed, certain key constituents (e.g. tubulin) are encoded by different genes in each generation, indicating that sporophyte and gametophyte are responding to different evolutionary pressures." https://lnkd.in/d7TmtBz View in LinkedIn

GENERATION-SPECIFIC GENES. "Some genes also have ancient functions that are restricted to the diploid phase of the life cycle (zygote and/or sporophyte). Some genes have ancient functions that are exclusive to either the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1588/508.short View in LinkedIn

RADIATION BY EXAPTATION. "The elaboration of the sporophyte generation, and particularly the large radiation of morphological forms during the Devonian period, was partially achieved through the recruitment of genes and genetic mechanisms that had previously evolved and functioned in the gametophyte generation of charophytes and early land plants." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1588/508.short View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT GENE RECRUITMENT. "One prediction that can be made from the antithetic theory is that the evolution of the sporophyte involved the recruitment of ancient genes and regulatory networks from the pre-existing gametophyte generation; these networks would then diversify and promote morphological diversification in the sporophyte generation." Supported by transcriptomic studies. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1588/508.short View in LinkedIn

“AT THE INTERSECTION of non-coding transcription, DNA repair, chromatin structure, and cellular senescence. Recent paradigm-setting studies are now revealing that non-coding RNAs, other than microRNAs, also play intriguing roles in the maintenance of chromatin structure, in the DNA damage response, and in adult human stem cell aging.” http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

JUNK DNA, REPEATS, TRANSPOSONS AND VIRAL ELEMENTS. “Over evolutionary time, viruses actively exchange genetic material with their host cells. However, just because a non-coding RNA expressed by a virus exhibits hallmarks of a known class of host cell non-coding RNAs does not mean that it necessarily functions comparably. Viruses are extremely clever at altering the bits of host cell genome that they acquire to meet their own needs.” https://lnkd.in/dD7FjZ4 View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED REPEATS. “The telomeres in human cells consist of thousands of repeats of the sequence TTAGGG. This sequence is remarkably conserved from primitive organisms to humans. The sequence is found in all invertebrates and in some trypanosomes and slime molds.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

TELOMERE METRICS. “Harley et al. observed that the mean telomere length decreased by 2 to 3 kilobase pairs (kbp) during the serial passage of several strains of normal human diploid fibroblasts. The decrease was found to be progressive and averaged 50 base pairs for each population doubling. The telomere shortening seen in aging normal human fibroblasts also occurs in vivo in skin epidermal cells, peripheral blood leukocytes and colon mucosa epithelia.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

REPETITIVE DNA. “Telomeres are structures found at the ends of linear chromosomes and consist of repetitive DNA sequences. Telomeres apparently prevent recombination and allow the attachment of chromosome ends to the nuclear envelope.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn