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PETAL FUSIONS. "Fusion of the petals (sympetaly) characterizes the asterids and especially the euasterids, but also occurs independently in some monocots, early diverging eudicots (e.g. some Ranunculaceae) and core eudicots (e.g. Malvaceae, Rosaceae)." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

TIMING OUTCOMES. "Late fusion occurs when the primordia appear as distinct early on but the individual organs eventually fuse during development, often at the base, leaving the tips of the primordia free (usually found in asterids). By contrast, early fusion occurs when the fused organs appear first as a ring meristem or fascicle on which individual organ primordia appear later (usually found in rosids); thus, the base of the organs are fused from inception." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

LIFE DRIVER. "According to England’s theory, the underlying principle driving the whole process is dissipation-driven adaptation of matter." https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ View in LinkedIn

TIMING OF FUSIONS. "Fusion as a developmental process can occur early or late during the development of an organ series (congenital fusion), or can occur at the margins of fully formed organs (postgenital fusion). Within the congenital fusion spectrum, fusion of the developing primordia can occur early or late during organogenesis." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

RNA WORLD. "He also showed that RNA, the nucleic acid that many scientists believe served as the precursor to DNA-based life, is a particularly cheap building material. Once RNA arose, he argues, its “Darwinian takeover” was perhaps not surprising." https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ View in LinkedIn

FUSION OF DISSIMILARS. "Fusion of stamen, petals and carpels into a single floral tube also appears throughout angiosperm evolution and appears to be mediated by different mechanisms that either stamen–stamen or carpel–carpel fusion." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL LEAKING. "The theoretical minimum amount of dissipation that can occur during the self-replication of RNA molecules and bacterial cells, and showed that it is very close to the actual amounts these systems dissipate when replicating." https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ View in LinkedIn

TYPES OF FLOWER FUSIONS. "(1) Connation of sepals, resulting in a calyx tube; (2) adnation of sepals and petals; (3) connation of petals; (4) adnation of petals and stamen; (5) connation of stamens to form a staminodial tube; (6) connation of carpels leading to a syncarpous gynoecium." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

REPRODUCTIVE DISSIPATION. "Self-replication (or reproduction, in biological terms), the process that drives the evolution of life on Earth, is one such mechanism by which a system might dissipate an increasing amount of energy over time....A great way of dissipating more is to make more copies of yourself." https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ View in LinkedIn

GENES AND FUSION. "Boundary formation gene regulatory network (GRN) and fusion of floral organs. (a) A floral diagram with four concentric whorls showing different planes along which fusion (or lack of separation) of floral organs typically occurs." (See Fig 2). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn