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WOLBACHIA INSECT PANDEMIC. "In Asobara tabida insects and cell lines from Drosophila simulans flies and Aedes mosquitoes, Wolbachia is involved in iron metabolism of the host. These bacteria can also be transmitted horizontally across species, which has led to a pandemic-level distribution in invertebrates: current estimates place Wolbachia in 66% of all arthropod species." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

WALBACHIA HOST MANIPULATION. "In addition to modifying reproduction, Wolbachia spp. have recently been shown to confer resistance against RNA viruses, influence locomotion in response to food cues and increase egg laying of females reared on low- or high-iron diets in Drosophila." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

WOLBACHIA BIOLOGY. "During their 100-million-year association with their hosts, the maternally-transmitted bacteria have evolved as “reproductive parasites” that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, parthenogenesis, and male killing in arthropods, while in nematodes and some arthropods, they are mutualistic and can be required for host oogenesis or larval development." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

WOLBACHIA BACTERIA. "Wolbachia species are members of the obligate intracellular Rickettsiales and forge parasitic relationships with arthropods and mutualistic relationships primarily with nematodes." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

APOPTOSIS #3. "The third main function is the elimination of infected cells." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

THE HYPOTHESIS. "The presence of bacteriophages in symbiotic bacteria that obligately reside in eukaryotes may promote eukaryotic DNA transfers to bacteriophages." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

APOPTOSIS #2. "The second purpose is the elimination of damaged cells, which may not be able to perform their function properly, or are potentially dangerous to the organism (for instance, cells with DNA damage which may lead to mutations)." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

TWO DOMAINS. "Therefore, phage WO appears to uniquely contend with the cellular exit, entry and defence mechanisms of two separate domains of life", namely the bacteria Wolbachia and the eukaryotic arthropod host. https://lnkd.in/dG3vir9 View in LinkedIn

APOPTOSIS #1. "The first one is the removal of cells which are no longer necessary, such as cells which played a role during development but are not needed in the adult, or immune cells after the pathogen has been cleared." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

LYTIC PHASE. "Electron microscopy and quantitative analyses indicate that prophages undergo a lytic phase capable of rupturing bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes, and phage WO occurs in the extracellular matrix of arthropod gonads." https://lnkd.in/dG3vir9 View in LinkedIn