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NOVEL FINDING. "Among this subset with eukaryotic sequence homology, the protein domains are almost exclusively found in the phage EAM. An EAM has never before been reported in bacteriophage genomes, to our knowledge, possibly because phages of obligate intracellular bacteria occupy a unique eukaryotic-enclosed niche and are relatively understudied." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

SPARING LIMITED RESOURCES. "As one well-studied example, clonal growth of yeast colonies creates opportunities for strong kin selection and evolution of group-beneficial altruistic traits. PCD could serve at least two altruistic purposes in this context. By dying, a cell may spare nutrient resources for its neighboring kin group." (PCD = programmed cellular death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

EAM GENES IN PHAGES. "Notably, over half of these domain types share greater amino-acid homology to eukaryotic invertebrates than to bacteria in GenBank." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

UNICELLULAR FITNESS SELECTION. "These is considerable experimental evidence for fitness advantages from POD to clonal kin groups of cells of species usually considered to be ‘unicellular’. These fitness advantages may represent a significant source of selection pressure." (POD = programmed organismal death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTIC GENES IN PHAGE. "Together, these genes increase the phage WO genome size by roughly 50% and include 10 types of protein domains with four predicted eukaryotic functions: toxins; host–microbe interactions; host cell suicide; and secretion of proteins through the cell membrane." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

SELECTION FOR GROUP. "There is direct experimental evidence for higher-level benefits associated with POD in unicells. In bacterial species, several studies have compared group-level function in POD-positive versus POD- negative strains." (POD = programmed organismal death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTIC GENES IN WO PHAGE EAM. "Some of these genes (i) appear to encode protein domains and cleavage sites central to eukaryotic functions, (ii) occur in both phage and metazoan hosts, (iii) comprise the second largest phage gene to date (14,256 bp) and (iv) are absent from mutualistic, phage-free genomes of Wolbachia." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

SELECTION BEYOND. "There is experimental evidence of benefits at levels other than the organism in bacteria and some eukaryotes, as well as a range of possible functions. Proposals include levels both below (genetic element) and above (group) that of the individual cell." http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

WO PHAGE GENE MODULES. "Metagenomic analysis of the complete genome from phage WO particles reveals all formerly described phage genetic modules (lysogeny, baseplate, head, replication, virulence, tail and patatin-like phospholipase), as well as a new group of genes that we collectively group into a eukaryotic association module (EAM)." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

ADDING A SECOND DOMAIN. "Here we assemble the sequenced genomes of phage WO particles, resolve the bacteriophage attachment and bacterial integration sites, report a eukaryotic association module in bacteriophages and discuss lateral gene transfers between eukaryotes and bacteriophages." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn