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SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY ushered in the concept of 'programmable life' and 'digital biology', radical concepts that break with earlier thinking. The cell is now considered the hardware of living things, and DNA is its programmable software. View in LinkedIn

DISTRIBUTION HUB. "Another concept of DNA has been that it is a factory for making proteins. But in the present context DNA appears to be more like Zappos or Amazon’s distribution hubs or the UPS Sort. DNA contains the instructions for making all of the proteins that a body needs, yes, but it also choreographs the elaborate logistical dance that delivers the right proteins to the right location at just the right time." http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/12/13/seven-ways-to-look-at-the-double-meaning-of-dna-code/#2715e4857a0b7e447793109a View in LinkedIn

CONTEXTUAL MEANING IN DNA. "The duons are like words or phrases within the “text” of our DNA that mean two different things, depending on context. And yet, as in human language, not all words have this double meaning. The Science paper suggests that these duons are “highly conserved” through evolution, which means that they are the Darwinian keepers." http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/12/13/seven-ways-to-look-at-the-double-meaning-of-dna-code/#2715e4857a0b7e447793109a View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. "So we can think of these TFs as kinds of functions that employ certain logic to turn the transcription of genetic material on and off and to regulate its speed. This reminds me of the reactive data bindings in the JavaScript app framework called Meteor. In effect, the TF binds to all areas producing a certain type of protein in a certain cell line (the scope of the function) and keeps them all coordinated in real time." (TF = transcription factor). http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/12/13/seven-ways-to-look-at-the-double-meaning-of-dna-code/#2715e4857a0b7e447793109a View in LinkedIn

NOT JUST A BOOK. "For so long we have considered the genetic code to be something like a book to be read, a recipe for making proteins. This new discovery makes me think that DNA is actually less like a document and more like an app." http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/12/13/seven-ways-to-look-at-the-double-meaning-of-dna-code/#2715e4857a0b7e447793109a View in LinkedIn

SECOND CODE. "Scientists "discovered evidence of a “second code” written into DNA. This code controls what are called transcription factors (TF) which regulate the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA that manage the synthesis of proteins described in the DNA." http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/12/13/seven-ways-to-look-at-the-double-meaning-of-dna-code/#2715e4857a0b7770f02e109a View in LinkedIn

APPLICATION. "Human DNA Is Not A Document, It's An App." http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2013/12/13/seven-ways-to-look-at-the-double-meaning-of-dna-code/#2715e4857a0b7770f02e109a View in LinkedIn

"A CODE is not a symbol. A symbol is not a code. A symbol stands in place of an object or idea. A code stands in place of a symbol: it is a symbol for a symbol." http://www.science20.com/chatter_box/dna_when_code_not_code View in LinkedIn

FLAWED ARGUMENT. "As usual, this argument comes down to using words improperly. A code, by the strictest definition, is in fact something designed by intelligent beings. It is a system of symbols that either arbitrarily or by some system represent various things." https://lnkd.in/d35PkQA View in LinkedIn

NEW DIGITAL LANGUAGE about biology introduces new concepts. Biology is informed by computer programming. DNA is informed by computer code. Equally, computing is informed by biology. The strategies of aberrant code are informed by prions and virus strategies. As we will see. View in LinkedIn