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THE OXYGEN FACTOR. "All global giants are aerobically active animals, not gentle giants with low metabolic demands. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere correlates with gigantism in the Paleozoic but not thereafter, likely because of the elaboration of efficient gas-exchange systems in clades containing giants." https://lnkd.in/dv_ZqB3 View in LinkedIn

COLLOID SWARMS. "The article describes swarm dynamics of a system composed of colloidal particles that release chemical signals to navigate their peers toward the location of a static point target in two dimensions." https://lnkd.in/dQPNQZa View in LinkedIn

SCALING OXYGEN TRANSPORT. "If this were the case, then one would expect to observe an increase of investment in gas exchange structures in larger insects, i.e. hypermetric scaling. This has been observed in tenebrionid beetle trachea." https://lnkd.in/dVziXg3 View in LinkedIn

“SWARM THEORY may be applied to Artificial Chemistry populations of mixed particles or even homogeneous particles. Although the simple agents in most swarms are infinitely more comp,ex than simple chemical agents, there may be some similarities. It may also apply to competing populations of computer code.” https://lnkd.in/dQPNQZa View in LinkedIn

PLUMBING LIMITATIONS. "Why are insects small? In the Paleozoic Era, atmospheric oxygen levels peaked significantly higher than the current level. Along with this oxygen peak came giant insects, many times larger than those currently observed. This suggests that oxygen transport may inhibit insects from becoming giants." https://lnkd.in/dVziXg3 View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX MOLECULES. "SimSoup model that is closer to real chemistry and more open ended. Molecules and the types of Interactions between them are constructed by the model itself using simple rules based on valence theory. Results of a preliminary run of the model are presented. Most of the Molecules produced are of a few simple types with low molecular weight. There is a ‘long tail’ of many low frequency Molecules, many of which are more complex with high molecular weight." https://lnkd.in/dEyx_i7 View in LinkedIn

INFLEXIBLE PLUMBING SYSTEM. "Unlike many other ectotherms, in insects, gas exchange takes place through a system of tubes, the tracheae, that lead directly to the cells of the mitochondria, where oxygen acts as an electron receptor during respiration. The exceptionally high power demands of insect flight, coupled with this gas exchange system, led early physiologists to conclude that large modern flying species may be at their performance limits." https://lnkd.in/dcXHB7K View in LinkedIn

COPIER. "A hypercycle occurs when an enduring sub-population increases in number until it becomes co-dominant with a dominant species. The species forming the enduring sub-population is not self-maintaining, but acts as a copier for the dominant species." https://lnkd.in/dryBAUG View in LinkedIn

"GIANT INSECTS, with wingspans as large as 70 cm, ruled the Carboniferous and Permian skies. Here we show, using a dataset of more than 10,500 fossil insect wing lengths, that size tracked atmospheric oxygen concentrations only for the first 150 Myr of insect evolution." https://lnkd.in/dEANyiE View in LinkedIn

PEAK OF GIGANTISM. "Gigantism as a hallmark of competitive superiority appears to have lost its luster on land after the Mesozoic in favor of alternative means of achieving dominance, especially including social organization and coordinated food-gathering." https://lnkd.in/dv_ZqB3 View in LinkedIn