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BIODULE. "The embryonics team developed an artificial cell, dubbed biodule (biological module), that is used as an elementary unit from which multicellular organisms can ontogenetically develop to perform useful tasks. Cellular differentiation takes place by having each cell compute its coordinates (i.e., position) within a one- or two-dimensional space, after which it can extract the specific gene within the artificial genome responsible for the cell's functionality." https://lnkd.in/dn83zJW View in LinkedIn

TENDENCY TO DISORDER. "Information theory showed that entropy and information are inversely related such that an increase in information is equivalent to a decrease in entropy. Thus, the agents of information (in our case, natural products) are employed by nature to overcome the natural tendency toward disorder, and, fueled by the energy from the sun, or other less common sources of energy here on earth, these small molecules have become indispensable for life on this planet." https://lnkd.in/dEpJBda View in LinkedIn

"THE EMBRYONICS (embryonic electronics) project is a joint collaboration between the Logic Systems Laboratory and the Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA. The ultimate objective is the construction of large-scale integrated circuits, exhibiting properties such as self-repair (healing), self-replication, and evolution, found up until now only in living beings." https://lnkd.in/dn83zJW View in LinkedIn

"STRUCTURES that self-organize (crystals, double helical DNA, etc) do so because of compensating energy factors (e.g. favorable intramolecular attractions such as hydrogen bonding); whereas, systems that appear to "spontaneously" self organize (e.g. life) may well involve self-ordering components but also require an external source of energy to compensate for unfavorable entropy." https://lnkd.in/dEpJBda View in LinkedIn

CONTINUATION. "Reggia et al., presented several small self-replicating loops, essentially based on Langton's work." https://lnkd.in/dn83zJW View in LinkedIn

FREE ENERGY. "All processes are driven by changes in free energy, which in turn is made up of two parts, enthalpy and entropy. Since all systems try to go to their highest states of randomness (increase in entropy), naturally occurring ordered states must arise through enthalpic compensation." https://lnkd.in/dEpJBda View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DEATH. "The concept of death in cellular automata is just as important as self-reproduction. Death is important to realize for natural selection, which is based on the survival of fitter organisms. Realization of death can be functional or structural." https://lnkd.in/dSdcD2A View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURES. "This paper will delve more deeply into the origin of natural products with an emphasis on the fundamental problem of just how such an extraordinary and bewildering array of structure types has arisen through evolutionary processes." https://lnkd.in/dEpJBda View in LinkedIn

SIZE REDUCTION AT A COST. "Langton observed that the capability of computational universality found in the self-reproducing automata of von Neumann is not known to be present in any self-replicating molecules or in the biological structure of any known living entity. Consequently, Langton achieved a substantial reduction in size by abandoning computation universality." https://lnkd.in/dSdcD2A View in LinkedIn

REPLICONS ALONE. "Langton and his successors Byl, Reggia et al., developed self-replicating automata which are much simpler than the universal constructor. These machines, however, lack any computing and constructing capabilities, their sole functionality being that of self-replication." https://lnkd.in/dvjjarA View in LinkedIn