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FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DEATH. "The concept of death in cellular automata is just as important as self-reproduction. Death is important to realize for natural selection, which is based on the survival of fitter organisms. Realization of death can be functional or structural." https://lnkd.in/dSdcD2A View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURES. "This paper will delve more deeply into the origin of natural products with an emphasis on the fundamental problem of just how such an extraordinary and bewildering array of structure types has arisen through evolutionary processes." https://lnkd.in/dEpJBda View in LinkedIn

SIZE REDUCTION AT A COST. "Langton observed that the capability of computational universality found in the self-reproducing automata of von Neumann is not known to be present in any self-replicating molecules or in the biological structure of any known living entity. Consequently, Langton achieved a substantial reduction in size by abandoning computation universality." https://lnkd.in/dSdcD2A View in LinkedIn

REPLICONS ALONE. "Langton and his successors Byl, Reggia et al., developed self-replicating automata which are much simpler than the universal constructor. These machines, however, lack any computing and constructing capabilities, their sole functionality being that of self-replication." https://lnkd.in/dvjjarA View in LinkedIn

INSUFFICIENT. "Langton observed that although the capacity for universal construction, as studied by von Neumann and Codd, is a sufficient condition for self-replication, it is not a necessary one. Furthermore, natural systems are probably not capable of universal construction." https://lnkd.in/dvjjarA View in LinkedIn

HITCHHIKER'S ANSWER. "While Douglas Adams’ answer to the ultimate question of life is 42; the real answer might be closer to 473 – the minimum number of genes required to sustain life under ideal environmental conditions. The smallest known mycoplasma genome (Mycoplasma genitalium; containing 525 genes) provided the most obvious starting point from which to determine the minimal genome." https://lnkd.in/dSXRRHt View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL GENOME. "Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome. A goal in biology is to understand the molecular and biological function of every gene in a cell. One way to approach this is to build a minimal genome that includes only the genes essential for life." (Venter). https://lnkd.in/duQe9uW View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL CELL. "While the work by von Neumann established that artificial self replication is possible it left open the question of the minimal logical organization necessary for self replication." https://lnkd.in/dAx3RM7 View in LinkedIn

"CELLULAR AUTOMATA can be characterized as an array of identical processing units called cel ls that are arranged and interconnected throughout space in a regular manner. At each tick of simulated time each cell simultaneously changes state as a function of its own current state and the state of its immediately neighboring cells. In other words a cell makes a decision about its new state based on its four adjacent cells plus its own state." https://lnkd.in/dAx3RM7 View in LinkedIn

PRIMORDIAL SOUP. "Chou and Reggia explored the possibility of creating a CA universe, a ``primordial soup,'' in which self-replicating structures are not inoculated ab initio, but rather emerge in a spontaneous manner. Toward this end, they introduced a CA model in which the cellular state is divided into four distinct bit fields, thus facilitating the emergence of self-replication." (CA = cellular automata). https://lnkd.in/dn83zJW View in LinkedIn