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DATA INCREASE. "Since the genetic information is transformed into phenotypic information in ontogeny, this figure (10(8) bits) must represent the amount of information which corresponds to the improved organization of higher animals as compared to their ancestors 500 million years back." https://lnkd.in/eGfBzxS View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION INCREASE. "If we express this complexity in terms of its improbability, defining the amount of genetic information as the negative logarithm of its probability of occurrence by chance, we may say that genetic information is increased in the course of progressive evolution, guided by natural selection of random mutations." https://lnkd.in/eGfBzxS View in LinkedIn

THE LOGIC. "In the course of evolution, complicated organisms have descended from much simpler ones. Since the instructions to form an organism are contained in the nucleus of its fertilized egg, this means that the genetic constitution has become correspondingly more complex in evolution." https://lnkd.in/eGfBzxS View in LinkedIn

ANALYSIS PARALYSIS. "The scientific method can be paralyzed by problems that require understanding the very improbable occurrences that result from very, very large numbers of throws of the dice." https://lnkd.in/dv77eVE View in LinkedIn

SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION. "In response to an assault by foreign organisms, peripheral B cells can change their antibody affinity and isotype by somatically mutating their genomic DNA." https://lnkd.in/dUEkqmr View in LinkedIn

THE BIG ONE. "How could a chemical sludge spontaneously become a rose, even with billions of years to try?" https://lnkd.in/dv77eVE View in LinkedIn

SIMPLICITY TO COMPLEXITY (AGAIN). “Our genomes encode a limited number of antibody genes, which are insufficient to generate antibodies against the wide variety of foreign pathogens encountered from the external environment. SHM enables our immune system to expand the limited diversity encoded within our genomes to the billions of antibody specificities required to defend ourselves against external pathogens." (SHM = somatic hypermutation). https://lnkd.in/dQ6QXSG View in LinkedIn

INSCRUTABLE. "So, at least for now, the cell is beyond our ability to understand it." https://lnkd.in/dv77eVE View in LinkedIn

SIX BILLION MUTATION SPOTS. "There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human genome. If you counted the number of positions -- A's, T's, G's and C's -- you would have three billion positions across those 23 chromosomes. And because each chromosome is a part of a pair, you can multiply that number by two, for a total of six billion places where a mutation can happen." https://lnkd.in/djANYvQ View in LinkedIn

VERY REMARKABLE. "How remarkable is life? The answer is: very. Those of us who deal in networks of chemical reactions know of nothing like it." (George M Whitesides). https://lnkd.in/dbsPXy3 View in LinkedIn