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TWO LEVES OF EVOLUTION. "Protein evolution is not a random process. Scientific evidence suggests that natural selection tinkers with molecular improvements by retaining adaptive peptide sequence." Mantra: natural selection acts on random gene mutation which produces variant proteins, which each have different fitness qualities for their specific environmental niches. First level evolution is random, the second level is adaptive. https://lnkd.in/dXty-vx View in LinkedIn

RANDOM MUTATIONS SUBJECTED TO SELECTION. "Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not "try" to supply what the organism "needs." In this respect, mutations are random — whether a particular mutation happens or not is unrelated to how useful that mutation would be." https://lnkd.in/daGhbNn View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY ELEMENT MUTATIONS. "Mutation creates variations in protein-coding portions of genes that can affect the protein itself. But even more often, it creates variations in the "switches" that control when and where a protein is active and how much protein is made." https://lnkd.in/d9VF6RH View in LinkedIn

ALLELES. "The whole human family is one species with the same genes. Mutation creates slightly different versions of the same genes, called alleles. These small differences in DNA sequence make every individual unique. They account for the variation we see in human hair color, skin color, height, shape, behavior, and susceptibility to disease." https://lnkd.in/d9VF6RH View in LinkedIn

FRESH VARIATION. "Most commonly, a single base is substituted for another. Sometimes a base is deleted or an extra base is added. Fortunately, the cell is able to repair most of these changes. When a DNA change remains unrepaired in a cell that will become an egg or a sperm, it is passed down to offspring. Thanks to mutation, we all have some new variations that were not present in our parents." https://lnkd.in/d9VF6RH View in LinkedIn

BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS, TIME AND POPULATION. "Nonetheless, given the long time scale available to biological evolution along with large population sizes, such gradual stepwise beneficial changes will lead to the emergence of complexity." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

RAPID CHANGE IN 30 YEARS. "During the three decades of their existence, computer viruses have moved from simple replicators to advanced polymorphic and metamorphic implementations." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

RARE BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS. "It is important to note that the fraction of beneficial mutations (among all those that can occur) is usually very small, with most mutations being deleterious and the rest neutral." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

SIMPLE CONCEPT. "We argue here that apart from a hint and some failed implementation attempts (e.g., W32/Zellome), self-evolving malware has yet to appear. The concept itself, however, is relatively simple, and the consequences of the release of evolving malware should be studied." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

INHERITED GOOD MUTATIONS. "Mutations that provide organisms with a reproductive advantage over others (beneficial mutations) will tend to propagate to future generations." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn