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THYROXIN MORPHS. "Interestingly, the occurrence of bilaterally symmetrical flatfish variants in aquaculture has been reported, and symmetrical variants appear similar to symmetrical spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) juveniles that were artificially produced by treating early pre-metamorphic larvae with thyroxin." https://lnkd.in/d9EMwRb View in LinkedIn

BOT SWARM EMERGENCE. “In simple terms, emergence is behaviour at the global level that was not programmed in at the individual level and cannot be readily explained based on behaviour at the individual level.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EYE MIGRATION AND HORMONES. "Treatment of pre-metamorphic larvae with triiodothyronine (T3) induced bilaterally symmetrical condensation of both frontal bones and symmetrical resorption of both SBs. Eye migration in these larvae is inhibited." https://lnkd.in/d9EMwRb View in LinkedIn

FEEDING CHANGES. "In amphibians the change in feeding habit from herbivore to carnivore during the transition from tadpole to frog is associated with thyroid hormone driven remodelling of the intestine that changes from a long coiled tube into a complex differentiated organ." https://lnkd.in/du68ipH View in LinkedIn

AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS. "It is well established that THs directly or indirectly stimulate apoptosis and resorption of larval tissue and also promote growth, differentiation and remodelling of tissues that are crucial for the adult life form. For instance, THs are involved in the control of muscle fibre apoptosis in the amphibian tail during its regression and also promote development of the limbs." (THs = thyroid hormones). https://lnkd.in/du68ipH View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE ADVANTAGES: " "3. “The third is flexibility: the system is self-adjusting, able to adapt quickly to changing circumstances without changing individual agents’ behaviour" "4. The fourth is scalability: the swarm can operate using different swarm sizes with little if any change to coordination mechanisms. " "5. The sixth is parallelism: swarm intelligence systems inherently use parallel computation for problem solving.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE ADVANTAGES:" "1. “The first of these advantages is simplicity: individual agents tend to be quite simple, yet together they can produce very complicated behaviour." "2. The second is robustness: swarming systems are able to continue to operate, albeit at a lower performance, even though there are failures in some individuals or disturbances in the environment.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE FEATURES: “Goldstein identifies five essential features of emergence:" "1. Radical novelty—novel behaviour occurs that cannot be predicted." "2. Coherence or correlation—the novel behaviour has some level of coherence over time." "3. Global or macro-level behaviour—coherence occurs at the macro level." "4. Dynamical—the macro-level, while having some coherence in time, also evolves over time." "5. Ostensive—emergent behaviours are recognised ostensively, i.e. by showing themselves.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on flatfish asymmetry. It is an exemplar of great biochemistry and great genetics to explain phenotype. It is an axiom in many biochemistry labs that you should only work on species that are edible when the experiments are over. Julia Child famously said that French cooked Dover sole was her favorite dish. Perhaps this did not impede these fabulous studies on the very quirky and very delicious flatfish. View in LinkedIn

NODAL MOLECULE. "Developmental biologists have long been fascinated by the prominent internal asymmetries of outwardly symmetric animals, a fascination piqued in the mid-1990's by the discovery of the transient, unilateral expression of the Nodal signaling molecule in the left lateral plate mesoderm. This discovery quickly opened the door for the dissection of the genetic pathways that distinguish cells on the left side of an organism from those on its right side." https://lnkd.in/d2sKgHB View in LinkedIn