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DIVERSITY FROM FEW SYSTEMS. "Registration of the cleavage plane with the axis of polarity then ensures differential inheritance of these potentials. With respect to cell fates, the output of these asymmetric divisions is amazingly diverse, yet the embryo seems to accomplish this diversity through variants of a few conserved symmetry-breaking systems." https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

DEVELOPMENTAL SYMMETRY BREAKING. "In some cases, these differences are imposed on daughters before or after division through inductive signals, but many of these divisions are intrinsically asymmetric—an initial symmetry-breaking step creates polarized distributions or activities of factors that control developmental potential." https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

SECOND SYSTEM FOR SYMMETRY BREAKING. "The other uses elements of the Wnt signaling pathway and a highly reiterative mechanism that distinguishes anterior from posterior daughter cell fates." https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

CLEAVAGE FURROW AND POLARITY. "Interestingly, the embryo exploits elements of this same system to break symmetry during cleavage furrow specification and to establish apicobasal polarity in early embryonic cells and in the first true embryonic epithelia." https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

FIRST SYSTEM FOR SYMMETRY BREAKING. "One involves the interplay between Par proteins, Rho GTPases, and the actomyosin cytoskeleton and mediates asymmetric cell divisions that establish the germline.' https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

CONVERGENCE EXPLANATION. "Given the discovery of β-catenin-mediated binary specification systems in two distantly related animal phyla, one wonders whether binary specification might have an ancient evolutionary origin, or instead be an example of evolutionary convergence. A new report favors the latter possibility." https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

VIRAL EVOLUTION. "Viruses often rely on subtle facets of machine architectures and operating systems. The march of progress in computer technology may literally overnight obliterate entire viral species, as the computational environment in which a virus thrives is either junked or changed to the point where the virus is dysfunctional." https://lnkd.in/g5hUBjg View in LinkedIn

ANALOGOUS SYSTEM. "The answer to this evolutionary puzzle may reside within the recent discovery of a remarkably similar β-catenin mediated binary specification mechanism in another animal phylum. During the asymmetric, spirally patterned embryonic cell divisions of the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, a well conserved β-catenin accumulates to high levels in all vegetal pole daughter nuclei, and to low levels in all animal pole daughter nuclei." https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER VIRUS GROWTH. "The move towards interconnection and compatibility provides a vast and rich ecosystem for the development of new species. Reason and experience with computer ecologies tells us that the smaller the instruction set of a program, the more likely a perturbation will result in a functional program. It follows therefore that the recent popularity of RISC (reduced instruction set) computers may lead to an upsurge in virus development." https://lnkd.in/g5hUBjg View in LinkedIn

WHY SO OVER-COMPLEX? "Thus multiple inputs can influence binary specification. The evolutionary advantage of this complicated regulatory process is not obvious: Why establish a single regulatory module, with multiple upstream inputs and a presumably extensive promoter response network, to influence nearly every cell fate decision made during development?" https://lnkd.in/dAxynvD View in LinkedIn