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COMPLEXITY CRISIS. "A 2001 IBM manifesto observed that a looming software complexity crisis - caused by applications and environments that number into the tens of millions of lines of code - threatened to halt progress in computing." https://lnkd.in/dWNndhf View in LinkedIn

EXPONENTIAL RULE. "One reason why emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between components of a system increases exponentially with the number of components, thus potentially allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFAnderson1972 View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE, SYNERGY AND EVOLUTION. "In evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself...has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key." https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcplx.10043 View in LinkedIn

"SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular." https://lnkd.in/dAmwzUd View in LinkedIn

UNDERSTATEMENT. "The complexity of today's applications is such, e.g. world scale, that no centralised or hierarchical control is possible. In other cases, it is the unforeseeable context, in which the application evolves or moves, which makes any supervision difficult." https://lnkd.in/dfAjwzM View in LinkedIn

PROGRAM SYNTHESIS. "There's no fundamental problem: computers totally can program themselves. Just not very well. Yet." https://lnkd.in/d8uRh9a View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENT LARVAE. "Poecilogony, a rare phenomenon in marine invertebrates, occurs when alternative larval morphs differing in dispersal potential or trophic mode are produced from a single genome." https://lnkd.in/dVRyG9n View in LinkedIn

NEW THINKING. "Why can't computers program themselves? Why can't there be some combination of Genetic Algorithms, Inductive Logic Programming and the vast amounts of open source code as data, that can deduce the functions of code? Based on the patterns of programming, we should be able to generate programs based on a requirement as specified by a very high level language." https://lnkd.in/d8uRh9a View in LinkedIn

CONVERGENCE EXAMPLE. "For example, tunicates such as the colonial sea squirts (Botryllus spp.) can reproduce both sexually, through egg fertilization followed by embryonic and larval development, and asexually, from a bud, and without intervening larvae: the full-grown animals are nevertheless very similar in gross anatomy and in many details of structure." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

"ORDER IS NOT SUFFICIENT. What is required, is something much more complex. It is order entering upon novelty; so that the massiveness of order does not degenerate into mere repetition; and so that the novelty is always reflected upon a background of system." (A. N. Whitehead on “Ideal Opposites” in Process and Reality.) https://lnkd.in/dMkrh4P View in LinkedIn