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PHENOTYPIC CONVERGENCE. "If a complex life cycle presents a number of alternative phenotypes (through divergent developmental pathways), this implies that at some point, distinct alternative developmental routes must converge towards the same phenotype." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

"EMERGENT COMPUTING is both a result of the unanticipated interplay of parts of an executable object and a way of modeling the appearance of putatively emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/dPyhGnF View in LinkedIn

DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY. "We hypothesize that a diversity of phenotypes arranged in developmental sequence throughout an animal's life cycle may have evolved by genetic assimilation of alternative phenotypes originally triggered by environmental cues." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

OVERLOOKED NUISANCE. "In most practical programming contexts emergent properties are either of little interest or are a nuisance to be avoided. However, some computer scientists have proposed actively exploiting features of emergent computing in the attempt to model emergent features of the natural world." https://lnkd.in/dPyhGnF View in LinkedIn

SELECTION PRESSURE. "The proposed advantage of increased parasite clone intermixture may be a novel selection pressure favouring the maintenance of complex life cycles." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

THEORY FOR THREE HOSTS. "For such life cycles, we propose here that maintaining a second intermediate host in the life cycle can be advantageous for the individual parasite to increase the intermixture of different clones and therefore decrease the risk of matings between genetically identical individuals in the definitive host." An elaborate way to avoid the prohibited inbreeding. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

THREE HOSTS. "How complex life cycles of parasites are maintained is still a fascinating and unresolved topic. Complex life cycles using three host species, free-living stages, asexual and sexual reproduction are widespread in parasitic helminths." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and ends this weekend on the theme of complex life cycles. Chance experimentation has created an enormous diversity of lifestyles in nature some of which have been advantageous, others have been a disaster, leading down the path to extinction. But in true form, nature works by creating the maximum number of options. And probably none are more glorious to behold than those of parasites and tiny marine creatures. View in LinkedIn

"READ THE WEB" is a research project that attempts to create a computer system that learns over time to read the web. So far, NELL has accumulated over 50 million candidate beliefs by reading the web, and it is considering these at different levels of confidence. NELL has high confidence in 2,708,739 of these beliefs — these are displayed on this website. It is not perfect, but NELL is learning." http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/ View in LinkedIn

PREDICTION. "Can computers learn to read? We think so." http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/ View in LinkedIn