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HUMAN-LIKE. "Using a deep learning technique similar to those that have been successfully advancing speech and image recognition, University of California, Berkeley researchers are developing robots that learn motor tasks by trial and error. They say their approach more closely approximates human learning." https://lnkd.in/e6W7yP4 View in LinkedIn

CONSTRAINTS ON PRIMARY METABOLISM. "Another factor controlling the divergence and maintenance of gene duplicates is the biological function of the gene. It is commonly held that some essential biological processes, such as primary energy metabolism, may be constrained in their ability to vary." https://lnkd.in/deyMTHD View in LinkedIn

OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER GENES. "Given that segmental duplications are typically older than speciation events, it is likely that segmentally duplicated genes have fixed different functions and are in essence acting as unique genes. As such, it would be expected that increases in intraspecific variation may only be detected among younger tandem duplicated genes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC VARIATION. "Gene duplication is thought to provide much of the genetic material allowing plants to generate a vast diversity of metabolites." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

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GENERATION OF VARIATION. "Gene duplication may also allow partitioning of function among genotypes within a species, leading to genetic differentiation/intraspecific variation. This process is contingent upon genetic neo-functionalization and would suggest that duplicated genes should show higher levels of intraspecific variation in gene expression than “unique” genes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENCE OF DUPLICATES. "Gene duplication has been associated with enabling neo- and sub-functionalization whereby duplicate genes may diverge." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

NEW FUNCTIONS. "This divergence can occur via sub-functionalization such that the duplicate copies obtain differential expression patterns in terms of tissue specificity or stress response. Alternatively, one of the duplicates can obtain a novel function, a process known as neo-functionalization. In a number of species, recent work has associated gene duplication with divergent gene expression patterns in response to developmental or abiotic stress cues." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

EMERGING TECHNIQUES. "The robot observes its own gripper and corrects its motions in real time. It also exhibits interesting pre-grasp behaviors, like isolating a single object from a group. All of these behaviors emerged naturally from learning, rather than being programmed into the system." http://googleresearch.blogspot.com.es/2016/03/deep-learning-for-robots-learning-from.html View in LinkedIn

DUPLICATION OPTIONS. "Following either tandem or segmental duplication events, one of the duplicated genes can be rendered non-functional via the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Alternatively, both duplicated genes can be maintained if the presence of both copies is advantageous. Over time, the function of these duplicated genes can diverge from the ancestral gene or from each other." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn