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METABOLIC DATABASES. "A rich source for testing the relationship between biological function, gene duplication and intraspecific genetic variation are databases describing the metabolic pathways known and predicted within a host of organisms. These databases provide specific metabolic roles for genes acting as a highly refined function prediction." https://lnkd.in/deyMTHD View in LinkedIn

FINAL OUTCOME. "All of this leads to computers that are no longer "programmed in some specific way". Instead, we are going towards computers that are taught to do something, but their behaviour is very complex and nobody really knows what are they doing." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

#3. BRAIN-LIKE. "Third reason is emerging field of neuromorphic. Our computers are very inefficient in comparison to brains, partially because of their architecture. There are projects to modify computer architecture to be more like the brain, which result in further loss of control of what is going on inside. IBM Unveils a ‘Brain-Like’ Chip With 4,000 Processor Cores. All of this leads to computers that are no longer "programmed in some specific way". https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

#2. MYSTERY PACKAGES. "Second reason is machine learning. For many problems programmers just implement rough algorithm, and then drop large amount of "test cases", for computer to learn from. What is most important: programmers often do not know what are those cases, and there is often too much of them even to analyze by humans. As a result, no human knows exactly what computer learned." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

CHILDHOOD COOPERATION. "We have recently implemented this type of shared planning in robotic systems which can observe actions, attribute roles, and then use the resulting shared plan to perform the cooperative task, taking the role of either one of the two participants." http://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/IEEE/Lall%C3%A9e_Towards_IEEETrans_2012_1569280.pdf View in LinkedIn

#1. UNPREDICTABILITY. "First reason for this is parallelization. Even simplest programs, when run on many processor cores, start to behave in non-deterministic way. The reason for this is that different cores compute with slightly different speeds and each time the sequence of computed tasks might differ." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

DIDACTIC LEARNING. "Exhaustive knowledge about the world cannot be provided a priori by the programmer, thus the robots need the ability to learn. An important aspect of human social life is our ability to learn from others through observation and instruction, which is a faster and more accurate way of acquiring knowledge about complex entities than individual learning, such as trial-and-error learning." http://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/IEEE/Lall%C3%A9e_Towards_IEEETrans_2012_1569280.pdf View in LinkedIn

A: "Yes. This is actually very plausible. People usually think of computer programs as something deterministic and predefined. This is true only for simple, sequential programs. But as computer science develops, our programs are becoming more and more unpredictable." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

SWARM LEARNING. "Robots can be distributed throughout the world, they can have different bodies, experience different situations but, in contrast to humans, there is no reason why they cannot share their experience directly." http://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/IEEE/Lall%C3%A9e_Towards_IEEETrans_2012_1569280.pdf View in LinkedIn

Q: "How will AI reach a level, where computers do something that they were not programmed to do? Or asked differently, is the plot of I, Robot plausible according to computer science?" https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn