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CONTEXT. “These content-loaded signs are used at several levels of organization and complexity, starting with single molecules up to complex ecosystems. Moreover, to decode the context-dependent content of these signs, biological agents must be capable of their correct interpretation, that is, so-called context involvement.” http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3512409/ View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION PROCESSING. “By contrast, living organisms generate new sequences and new information without involving any algorithms. They are characterized by an inherent competence to use content-loaded signs, relevant for their survival, for signalling and communication.” http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3512409/ View in LinkedIn

THEORY OF INFORMATION. “The former is a mathematical procedure, which depends on set algorithms to perform any tasks, and which only processes quantifiable sets of signs according to algorithm-based rules.” http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3512409/ View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER VIRUSES. “None of these characteristics came from the viruses themselves. Rather, each change and addition to the virus behavior has been wrought by an outside agency: the programmer.” (Reference to camouflage, territorial behavior, predatory behavior, and speciation in computer viruses). https://books.google.com/books?id=qErpoKjc1h4C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=computer+virus+metabolism&source=bl&ots=NWmF_p3xqj&sig=XEfXy2VQZdbYQgBJSndUVHbkDSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi51qLC35fLAhUBcj4KHQW-B9AQ6AEIFzAE View in LinkedIn

“ARTIFICIAL LIFE (“Alife”) researchers have studied self-replicators in computer environments since 1979, and the first autonomously mutating self-replicating computer programs were introduced by Ray in 1992.” https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

SIMPLIFIED. “The concept of genes as a symbolic representation of an organism—a code script—is not the whole story.” http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3512409/ View in LinkedIn