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BROKEN ANALOGY. “This activity is reminiscent of virus activity. But, a virus is made of DNA or RNA. These prions are just a protein molecule.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

NEW CONFORMATION. “The prion version of the same protein has beta sheets, a completely different structure. The new prion protein forms a clump and becomes a base, which draws in other protein building a crystal mass. It is not yet clear exactly how this transformation occurs, but most cellular folding is managed by complex large proteins called chaperones. It appears that lipids act as the chaperones for prions.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

PRE-INFECTION. “The normal protein that becomes a prion has either alpha helixes or disordered structure. This shape is found in most cells and does not cause any damage.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR VARIANTS. “Prion proteins can exist in multiple structures called conformers. These different shapes are created by sigma bonds in their chemical structures that allow the rotation of parts of the protein.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

THE SWITCH. “When the PrP becomes a prion its normal function stops. It is possible that it is this loss of normal function that causes some of the damage in prion diseases, not just the accumulation of the clumped proteins.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

NON-INFECTIOUS NORMAL PROTEIN. “The prion protein is known as PrP before it becomes the pathogen PrPsc. PrP has many different normal important physiological roles. PrP is involved in maintaining myelin formation, development of T cells and is critical in stem cells that make blood cells and M cells of the intestine immune centers. PrP is involved in virus reproduction and modulation of inflammation in the CNS.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

SEDITIOUS PROTEIN. “The basic protein that becomes a prion has multiple important normal roles in cells, particularly in immune cells. Also, the immune system is now known to be critical to its spread. A simple protein that has only “self” antigens falls beneath the cracks of the immune surveillance system. In fact, it can create prion crystals in the immune system. Like a virus, it hijacks components of the immune system and rides along with immune cells into the central nervous system.” https://lnkd.in/dKV3Xez View in LinkedIn

COPPER HYPOTHESIS. “Copper exposure has been linked to prion pathogenesis. Our study establishes a direct link, at the molecular level, between copper exposure and PrP neurotoxicity.” https://lnkd.in/dy7nHgK View in LinkedIn

CONTRARIANS. “Opponents hold that there is no such thing as intelligence, or at least that there is no single thing. On this view, there are many different ways of evaluating cognitive agents, no one of which deserves the canonical status of “intelligence”.” https://lnkd.in/e335knp View in LinkedIn