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BOTTOM UP CAUSATION. “Self-assembly and self-structuring based on bottom-up action alone can lead to emergence of structures such as crystals and simple biological molecules, or of dynamical systems with attractors leading to entities such as stars and galaxies, and to more complex phenomena such as Bénard cells, patterns associated with the reaction–diffusion equation and sand piles, the dynamics of the Game of Life, properties of slime mould, existence of ant colonies and the behaviour of flocks of birds.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

NESTED HIERARCHIES. “Multi-fold causation takes place in such systems. A network of causal influences and constraints interact to produce an outcome.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

EXPLAINING UPWARDS. “Ideas applicable to lower level causation do not by themselves succeed in explaining the higher level behaviours, for the concepts employed are simply not appropriate to the higher level kinds of causation.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

STRATA OF PHENOMENA. “Each of the different levels of the hierarchy function according to laws of behaviour appropriate to that level, and are describable only in terms of language suited to that level (the concepts that are basic to molecular biology, such as genes and proteins, cannot be described in the language of a particle physicist, such as quarks and gluons).” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

ANOTHER CAUSATION AT PLAY. “The higher up the ladder of complexity one goes, the clearer this becomes; in particular, it is undeniable as regards the way the human mind operates, and in physiology.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

NEW CONSIDERATION. “In brief: the conclusion is that there are other forms of causation than those encompassed by bottom-up causation due to physics and physical chemistry processes considered on their own.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

INTERACTING CAUSALITIES. “The basic theme of this paper is that it is the interaction of bottom-up and top-down effects that enable the emergence of true complexity.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

DATA SUPPORTED. “Five essentially different classes of top-down causation can be identified, and their existence demonstrated by many real-world examples.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

BETWEEN STRATA. “Top-down’ causation is an interlevel concept: it applies between any two adjacent levels. Claiming such causation happens is agnostic as to whether there is or is not a topmost or lowest level.” https://lnkd.in/dnngg6a View in LinkedIn

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY. "People are starting to wear more sensors, so brain sensors are just going to follow along in that trend.” https://lnkd.in/dCZRFdE View in LinkedIn