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BRAIN REGIONS. “Several groups have demonstrated that simple achromatic graphemes activate both grapheme regions as well as color area V4 (a region of visual cortex that shows a stronger response to colors than to grayscale stimuli) in the brains of synesthetes, which is consistent with the view that synesthetic colors are sensory in nature (i.e., arise through a bottom-up processing stream), as opposed to being high-level cognitive associations, as has been proposed.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

DIVERSE MIXINGS. “Synesthesia can theoretically bind any two senses, but research has largely focused on two of the most common variants in which auditory tones and achromatic (colorless) numbers produce vivid and perceptually salient colors. The specificity of these evoked colors remains stable over time within any given individual, but the same tone or grapheme doesn't necessarily evoke the same color in different people.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

GENES AND OTHER CAUSES. “While synesthesia can occur in response to drugs, sensory deprivation, or brain damage, research has largely focused on heritable variants comprising roughly 4% of the general population. Genetic research on synesthesia suggests the phenomenon is heterogeneous and polygenetic, yet it remains unclear whether synesthesia ever provided a selective advantage or is merely a byproduct of some other useful selected trait.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

CROSSED SENSORY WIRES. “Synesthesia is a perceptual experience in which stimuli presented through one modality will spontaneously evoke sensations in an unrelated modality. The condition occurs from increased communication between sensory regions and is involuntary, automatic, and stable over time.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

MULTIPLICITY. “A polygenic origin is likely, as transmissibility is heterogenous and synesthetes often possess multiple forms.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

GENDER NEUTRAL. “Previous studies examining the prevalence of synesthesia found a significant gender gap with a 6∶1 ratio of female synesthetes to males, leading to the suggestion that synesthesia was an X-linked condition. However, prevalence studies conducted using random sampling have shown an even distribution of synesthesia among the genders, suggesting the discrepancy was based on methodological flaws and self-report biases in earlier studies.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

NON CLUSTERING. “However, non-clustering forms still co-occur with greater frequency than predicted by prevalence rates in the general population, significantly impeding theories of single genetic markers and the notion of independence among different forms of the condition.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

CLUSTERING. “Further, while individual synesthetes often display multiple forms of the phenomenon, large-scale factor analyses suggest that some variants co-occur with greater frequency within a single individual, suggesting that some forms are more highly related (i.e., local “clustering” or “islands” of synesthesia types), which is suggestive of a common origin.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

PROPENSITY TO LINK. “However, the specific form of synesthesia an individual expresses can vary within families, suggesting the genetic undertones impose a predisposition to synesthesia but not its expression. Indeed, individuals with one type of synesthesia are much more likely to have another as well, an observation that was adduced by Ramachandran and Hubbard as support for the idea that the defective pruning gene or genes confer a general propensity to linking unrelated sensations or even concepts.” https://lnkd.in/dfc7eju View in LinkedIn

FLY-FETAL HUMAN BRAIN TREATMENT. "A mixture of human fetal brain and Notch Drosophila melanogaster neural embryonic tissues were transplanted into the ventro.lateral nucleus of the thalamus of the patients of Parkinson' disease. As a result, tremor and constrained movements disappeared. Post-operation patients have been observed within 13-38 months. No side effects were noted during this time." https://lnkd.in/dtj4FWt View in LinkedIn