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EARTH IMPACT. “Solar flares and coronal mass ejections, the most catastrophic eruptions in our solar system, have been known to affect terrestrial environments and infrastructure.” https://lnkd.in/e8caAHQ View in LinkedIn

ARCHIVES. List of impressive solar storms. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_storms View in LinkedIn

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SUBSURFACE ALTERNATIVE. “Based on the studies cited above, an additional mechanism supporting subsurface life could be direct organic synthesis induced by Galactic cosmic rays-induced secondary particles, especially muons at greater depths. There is experimental evidence of the formation of amino acid precursors on exposure to high-energy particles. This mechanism could be especially important in the case of comets, as cosmic ray-induced ionization is believed to be the main driver of cometary organic chemistry.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

SURFACE FLAW OF EARLY STUDIES. “One common feature of these studies is that they all consider organic synthesis on the surface, which is true for high-energy photons such as UV, X-rays and low energy protons (approx. keV to MeV). However, for higher energy particles such as Galactic cosmic rays whose energies are approximately 10 GeV and beyond, the secondary particles penetrate below the surface. Particles such as electrons, positrons, neutrons and photons produced in interactions have very short ranges and are confined in a relatively small volume. Particles with the highest range are muons as shown in figure 2 and are the primary source of Galactic cosmic rays-induced radiation in such environments.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

THEORETICAL SUPPORT. “Garrod & Herbst conducted charged particle-induced photodissociation calculations to model chemical changes from interstellar radiation field and Galactic cosmic rays and reported the production of complex chemicals such as formic acid, methyl formate and dimethyl ether.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

CANDIDATE SPACE MOLECULES. “Other groups have also reported experimental evidence of the formation of amino acid precursors on exposure to high-energy particles. Kobayashi et al. irradiated several ice mixtures composed of methane, CO and ammonia with high-energy protons. The results of quadrupole mass spectrometry and ion exchange chromatography showed the formation of amino acids, such as glycine and alanine, and some hydrocarbons.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

SPACE SIMULATIONS. “Earlier experiments of Bernstein et al. were conducted with a larger temperature range (12–300 K), and in addition to the above-mentioned products, they discovered hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), ethers, alcohols, compounds related to polyoxymethylene, ketones and amides in their samples. Their subsequent experiments showed the formation of aroma-bearing ketones and carbolylic acid functional groups.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

SPACE CHEMISTRY. “Hudson & Moore irradiated different mixtures of water and CO (carbon monoxide) with 0.8 MeV protons at temperatures near 16 K in order to simulate interstellar conditions. The results of isotopic substitution and IR spectroscopy showed the formation of several hydrocarbons such as HCOOH, HCO−, H2CO and CH3OH.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn