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AUXINS AND EVOLUTION. "Key evolutionary innovations of vascular plants—the formation of vascular system and true roots—were associated with the invention of plasma membrane-associated PINs that exported auxin out of cells." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

"EXPERT USE of secure chemical signals, similar to chemical signaling by intelligent microorganisms, permits plants to perpetrate social altruism and cheating. Such phenomena can be found for the most evolved plants—the prominent monocot crop plants (maize, rice, wheat, barley) which entered co-evolution with humans—and orchids which evolved deceptive behaviors to attract pollinating animals to minimize ecological tradeoffs." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

HONEY POT STRATEGY. "In order to attract relevant animals to perform services, flowering plants evolved a generous battery of strategies. The most efficient of these strategies is to supply animals with tasty, energy-rich foods in the form of nectars, seeds, and buds." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

CO-EVOLUTION. "Animals primarily co-evolved with plants to serve as pollinators, but additional “services” also provide valuable ecological functions, such as seed dispersal, protection against parasites, and predators, as well as cultivation and propagation of crop plants around the globe by humans." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

ASSESSING THE TARGET. "Higher plants must form very good internal models (e.g., networked somatic, genetic, and epigenetic computational systems capable of perceptual representation, memory and good predictions) concerning the biological nature of animals to accomplish any meaningful level of mutualism, parasitism, or commensalism, and co-evolution." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

CLEVER DECEITS. "Many plants successfully manipulate animals for their purposes." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

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HYBRID SYMBIOSIS. "Significant aspects of plant structure and function which contribute to intelligent plant behavior can be traced to early evolutionary relationships with pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms and fungi. These plant innovations, including synaptic machinery, are a putative direct outcome of intelligent-like reciprocation between plants and microorganisms to achieve selfish and selfless goals." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

CROSS-SPECIES INTERACTIONS. "Such highly integrated social and cognitive-like traits presumably evolved in plants to allow them to interact with other plants, microorganisms, and even higher animals, including us humans." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

PLANT SOCIAL FUNCTIONS. "To properly execute these sorts of sophisticated behaviors, plants require social (cooperation, competition, etc.) and cognitive-like abilities (learning, memory, perception, etc.) to limit and correct errors in signal detection and performance, among other phenomena." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn