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"PREDICTIVE MODELING is found even in primitive forms in bacteria, is more complex in plants but is most accurately exemplified in complex brains. Many higher plants are thus typical of behavioral intelligence systems." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT MODELING. "In recurrent and novel environmental situations, individual cells, tissues and whole plants model the cost/benefits of particular future behaviors, so that the energetic costs and risks do not exceed the benefits that adaptive behavior procures. Such modeling takes place on an adaptive representational network that is an emergent property arising from cellular signal transduction and whole plant interactive networks." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

PRICE OF POACHING. "But enhanced root proliferation led to a trade-off with reduced seed number thus decreasing fitness for both individuals. “Sharing” plants developed more and longer lateral roots, vectorially directed toward neighbouring roots than toward roots of the same plant, thus guarding their own territory." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

POACHING. "In further simple experiments individual plants were forced to competitively “share” the same soil with another individual. In this case recognition of competition led to enhanced proliferation by both individuals in their own soil in order to “steal” nutrients from their neighbour." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

SPLIT ROOT EXPERIMENT. "Gersani et al., set up a simple two-box experiment in which one individual plant was grown with roots split between the two boxes. One box of these “fence-sitter” plants were then exposed either to no competition, or to increasing numbers of alien competitors. In an entirely intelligent fashion, the fence-sitter moved its growing root systems from the pot with competition, to that free of competition and in proportion to the number of competitors." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

CONTACT AVOIDANCE. "If roots of different individuals of the same species are forced to contact each other, decisions are then made to rapidly cease growth of the touching roots." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

FUTURE GOALS. "The growing shoot and root must retain their model of the predicted future resources for several days to oversee these phenotypic changes and until the new leaves and roots start to transport resources to the rest of the plant." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9 View in LinkedIn

CLASSES OF SIGNALS. "Not only hydraulic and chemical signals, but also electrical signals act on the perception of environmental stimuli and trigger biochemical and physiological changes such as elongation, growth, water transport, displacement of substances in phloem, reduction of turgor pressure, variation of photosynthesis, respiration, and gene expression, mediating the relation between the plant and its external environment." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11738-015-1950-4 View in LinkedIn