21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-23 04:25:53

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COSMIC WEATHER. “For decades, scientists have argued over whether there is a link between cosmic rays and cloud cover, which in turn could affect climate. Now two atmospheric physicists in the UK have discovered that global atmospheric electricity – which itself is altered by cosmic rays, space weather and El Niño – affects the base height of certain types of clouds.” https://lnkd.in/dVCdgFH View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-25 05:00:34

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HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES. “There are three principal sources of high-energy particles which cause radiolysis: Radon isotopes, cosmic rays and terrestrial gamma radiation. The partitioning between the sources varies vertically. Near the surface, ionisation from turbulent transport of radon and other radioactive isotopes is important, together with gamma radiation from isotopes below the surface. Ionisation from cosmic rays is always present, comprising about 20% of the ionisation at the surface.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-25 04:58:36

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“ION-PAIRS are continually produced in the atmosphere by radiolysis of air molecules. The ions produced are rarely single species but clusters of water molecules around a central ion. Typical atmospheric ion concentrations in unpolluted air and fine weather are about 500 ions.cm(-3).” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments
linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:19:10

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:19:10

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ELECTRON FLUX. “As the collisions and freezing continue to occur and the charges at the top and bottom of the cloud increase, the electric field becomes more and more intense -- so intense, in fact, that the electrons at the earth's surface are repelled deeper into the earth by the strong negative charge at the lower portion of the cloud. This repulsion of electrons causes the earth's surface to acquire a strong positive charge. All that is needed now is a conductive path for the negative cloud bottom to contact the positive earth surface. The strong electric field, being somewhat self-sufficient, creates this path.” http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/lightning1.htm View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-26 06:40:13

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CLOUD CYCLES. “Most clouds evaporate and do not precipitate, and that aerosol particles and water in the atmosphere at any one time may typically undergo at least 3 cycles of condensation and evaporation. For clouds such as marine stratocumuli the initial condensation nuclei will usually be sea salt crystals.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-26 06:38:12

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DROPLET CHEMISTRY. “The general effect of scavenging of any sort by cloud droplets is an accumulation of soluble and insoluble materials in droplets. These may be lost from the cloud by precipitation if the droplets grow large enough. However, in many cases mixing processes ensure that droplets that have previously gained material by scavenging simply evaporate. Then the scavenged material will be concentrated in the evaporation residues.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-26 06:35:33

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DROPLET CHARGES. “There are extensive measurements showing typically several hundred elementary charges on droplets, generally positive at cloud tops and negative at cloud base for early stages of development of clouds. Such charge accumulates from the current density flowing between ionosphere and earth as part of the global atmospheric electric circuit. When such charged droplets evaporate due to diffusion and mixing processes at cloud boundaries reducing the relative humidity, the droplet charge is retained on the residual aerosol particle.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-26 06:34:02

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CHARGE AND WEATHER. “In general the effects of electroscavenging appear capable of affecting precipitation in cold and warm clouds, and affecting cloud lifetime and cloud cover. The ionosphere-earth current density has day-to-day and decadal and centennial time-scale variations and there are changes in atmospheric dynamics and temperature and cloud cover that correlate with these variations.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-26 06:31:36

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GLOBAL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. "The voltage difference between ground and ionosphere is 200,000 to 500,000 volts (200 to 500 kV). Even in fair weather, a slight current of 2 pA (picoamps, or 0.0000000000001 A) flows from every square meter of ground upward to the ionosphere. Thunderstorms alone send 1 A of current skyward. Indeed, the flash rate for a storm is directly related to its current flow. While this view is widely accepted, it has not been proven by hard data." https://lnkd.in/d5yqMSG View in LinkedIn
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