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CHARGE AND WEATHER. “In general the effects of electroscavenging appear capable of affecting precipitation in cold and warm clouds, and affecting cloud lifetime and cloud cover. The ionosphere-earth current density has day-to-day and decadal and centennial time-scale variations and there are changes in atmospheric dynamics and temperature and cloud cover that correlate with these variations.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

GLOBAL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. "The voltage difference between ground and ionosphere is 200,000 to 500,000 volts (200 to 500 kV). Even in fair weather, a slight current of 2 pA (picoamps, or 0.0000000000001 A) flows from every square meter of ground upward to the ionosphere. Thunderstorms alone send 1 A of current skyward. Indeed, the flash rate for a storm is directly related to its current flow. While this view is widely accepted, it has not been proven by hard data." https://lnkd.in/d5yqMSG View in LinkedIn

TINY CHARGES SUM. “The charge on aerosol particles and droplets in weakly electrified clouds can arise from the presence of the vertical ionosphere-earth current density in the global electric circuit causing accumulation of charge in the conductivity gradient at the interface between the cloudy air and the clear air.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

The arrival of corals and clownfish. View in LinkedIn

CHARGE SCAVENGING. “The scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets has been shown to be greatly enhanced when the aerosol particles have a few tens of elementary electrical charges on them. Such charged aerosol particles are formed with a lifetime of tens of minutes, on evaporation of typical charged cloud droplets in clouds, that need be only weakly electrified.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

LOSS OF AREA. “Existing data indicates that the absolute olfactory surface area (SA) is dissimilar in anthropoids and strepsirrhines. Anthropoids may possess far less olfactory SA than similarly sized or even smaller sized strepsirrhines.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

SIMPLIFIED NASAL REGION. “The internal morphology of the nasal region is so profoundly different between monkeys and strepsirrhine primates that Cave (1973) opined that the latter be removed from the order Primates. Thus, along the entire anterior to posterior axis, the anthropoid nasal cavity is simplified by virtue of reduced turbinal projections.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

MIDFACE RECONFIGURATION. “The reduced modern anthropoid midface may be hypothesized to relate, both in an evolutionary and developmental manner, to an altered configuration among the functional matrices that influence midfacial position, including the eye, brain, dentition, and mucosa-lined nasal air spaces. Unknown is the extent to which the anthropoid midface is reoriented, reduced, or both.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

REDUCED MIDFACE. “The external appearance of the nasal region in anthropoids, combined with some genetic evidence, has been used to argue that the olfactory sense is particularly reduced in anthropoids compared to other mammals, including lemurs and lorises. Striking external characteristics of the midface in anthropoids and tarsiers, such as the continuity of the upper lip and loss of the rhinarium, are critical traits used to unite the clade Haplorhini (monkeys, apes, humans, and tarsiers).” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL REMNANT. “The vomeronasal system of humans and other catarrhine primates appears to qualify as a “chronological” vestige, one which fulfills part of its function during ontogeny, and then becomes lost or vestigial.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn