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SIMPLIFIED NASAL REGION. “The internal morphology of the nasal region is so profoundly different between monkeys and strepsirrhine primates that Cave (1973) opined that the latter be removed from the order Primates. Thus, along the entire anterior to posterior axis, the anthropoid nasal cavity is simplified by virtue of reduced turbinal projections.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

MIDFACE RECONFIGURATION. “The reduced modern anthropoid midface may be hypothesized to relate, both in an evolutionary and developmental manner, to an altered configuration among the functional matrices that influence midfacial position, including the eye, brain, dentition, and mucosa-lined nasal air spaces. Unknown is the extent to which the anthropoid midface is reoriented, reduced, or both.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

REDUCED MIDFACE. “The external appearance of the nasal region in anthropoids, combined with some genetic evidence, has been used to argue that the olfactory sense is particularly reduced in anthropoids compared to other mammals, including lemurs and lorises. Striking external characteristics of the midface in anthropoids and tarsiers, such as the continuity of the upper lip and loss of the rhinarium, are critical traits used to unite the clade Haplorhini (monkeys, apes, humans, and tarsiers).” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL REMNANT. “The vomeronasal system of humans and other catarrhine primates appears to qualify as a “chronological” vestige, one which fulfills part of its function during ontogeny, and then becomes lost or vestigial.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

THE SHORT SNOUTS. “Humans and most of our closest extant relatives, the anthropoids, are notable for their reduced “snout.” The striking reduction in facial projection is only a superficial similarity. All anthropoids, including those with long faces (e.g., baboons), have lost numerous internal projections (turbinals) and spaces (recesses). In sum, this equates to the loss of certain regions of olfactory mucosa in anthropoids.” https://lnkd.in/dgtqkTi View in LinkedIn

DRY NOSES TRAITS. “The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain to body ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys).” https://lnkd.in/dReYf85 View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY SHIFTS. “These evolutionary innovations are associated with a shift away from communication centered primarily on chemical senses toward the greater inclusion of auditory and visual communication modes. Increased reliance on auditory and visual communication was also accompanied by reorganizations within the auditory, visual, and olfactory regions of the brain.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FACE CONNECTED TRAITS. “Mammals evolved features including heterodonty (teeth of different shapes), mammary glands and suckling, an external nose, mobile vibrissae, and mobile external ears, all of which are related to the face.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL CLUSTER. “The evolution of the vertebrate face provided a location where most of the sensory organs and the innovation of dentition could be clustered, greatly increasing foraging and hunting efficiency relative to invertebrates.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FACE CONCEPT. “Vertebrate faces "may be conceptualized as consisting of structurally and functionally integrated units based upon these demands but evolution of these units and the face as a whole are constrained by phylogeny and developmental pathways.” https://lnkd.in/dfD33KM View in LinkedIn