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TYPE II FIBERS. “In humans, these types of fibers tend to dominate in muscles of the face and in the human hand. Furthermore, the potential instantaneous force that each fiber type can generate differs, with slow-twitch myosin fibers generating a lower instantaneous force compared with fast-twitch.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FAST-TWITCH MYOSIN. “Type II fibers consist of a number of isoforms (different sub-types) but overall they are able to contract more quickly than type I fibers and use less energy. As a trade-off, they are quick to become fatigued and cannot hold the contraction as long as type I fibers.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

SLOW-TWITCH MYOSIN. “There are several types of myosin proteins but the most abundant and best understood for mammalian skeletal muscle physiology are type I (slow-twitch) and type II (fast-twitch) myosin. Type I fibers take more time and more energy to contract. As a trade-off, they are slow to fatigue and hold the contraction longer. In humans, these types of fibers tend to dominate in muscles of the limbs (except for the hand) and spine.“ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

The first atom of the universe. View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on the evolution of the human face, driven by the type of musculature and the social pressures for communication. The superficial beauty of the human mask captivates us all, but the effects are just skin deep. Below is a structure welded by forces over long periods of time, designed for a social function. We are easily misled, as was the intention, if ever there was one. View in LinkedIn

SOCIAL FACIAL MASK. “Overall, these qualitative case studies add to the growing body of evidence that primate mimetic musculature form and evolution are adaptive to social, communicative pressures. We know that mimetic musculature in extant species is adaptive to social variables (such as group size and dominance ‘style’), but future studies may be able to extrapolate our current knowledge to taxa represented only in the fossil record.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FAST-TWITCH TOPHEAVY. “In other words, our minority of slow-twitch fibers was far greater than the minority of slow-twitch fibers in chimpanzees and macaques. The distribution of slow-twitch fibers in human is roughly 15–20%, whereas in chimpanzees and macaques it is only 2–7%.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

Quirky graffiti that describes a Girona legend about flies. View in LinkedIn

GALILEO’S PICKLE. “Galileo was obsessed with Copernicanism as the actual structure of our Solar System, appeared to have disobeyed an injunction, made a number of enemies who were more influential than he thought, was insensitive to the current political situation, advocated his personal interpretation of the Bible against Catholic authorities, and antagonized his friend, the pope.” https://lnkd.in/dZFzGDE View in LinkedIn