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CONNECTION. “These field-aligned currents mediate a strong coupling between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere: The plasma sheet is magnetically connected to the auroral ovals, which encircle the magnetic poles and host continuous, diffuse auroral precipitation in addition to the bright auroral displays associated with events of geomagnetic activity.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PARTICULATE WIND. “The solar wind plasma, consisting mostly of protons and a small percentage of doubly charged helium and other heavier ions, populates much of the outer magnetosphere through these processes.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

RIVERS OF ENERGY. “During northward IMF, high-latitude reconnection over the magnetic poles allows for particle entry to the high-latitude plasma mantle. A minor portion of the energy, estimated to be about 10%, enters via viscous interaction processes.” (IMF= interplanetary magnetic field). https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ASYMMETRY. ‘While the plasma enters mostly through the dayside magnetopause, a portion of the particles gain entry through the magnetopause boundary layers at low latitudes, well tailward of the terminator.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ORIENTATION. “The plasma entry is strongly modulated by the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field, and thus enhanced during periods of southward IMF.” (IMF= interplanetary magnetic field). https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PLASMAS AND FIELDS. “While the magnetospheric field in general excludes the solar wind plasma from the magnetosphere, at times the solar wind can gain entry into the magnetosphere through the magnetopause. This occurs when the IMF and the magnetospheric fields are antiparallel and magnetic reconnection creates an “open magnetosphere” configuration with a field component normal to the boundary.” (IMF= interplanetary magnetic field). https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PLASMA RIVERS. “In the ionosphere, this large-scale convection pattern induces antisunward flow across the polar cap and sunward plasma flow in the auroral region ionosphere. This basic flow pattern (in highly variable forms) can always be found underlying the temporal changes associated with the space weather events.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

MAGNET TAIL. “At the distant tail reconnection region, plasmas are accelerated toward and away from the reconnection region such that within the tail plasma sheet, the flows are Earthward on the Earthward side of the reconnection region and away from the Earth in the tailward side of the reconnection region .” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn