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ELECTRON RINGS. “These relativistic electron fluxes show sharp dropouts and enhancements in response to the varying geomagnetic activity, and their dynamics is key to space weather, as these electrons pose a hazard to satellites in Earth orbit. Their rapid drift motion around the Earth is largely controlled by the magnetic field geometry, in contrast to the cold particles that are guided both by the electric and magnetic fields.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY SHEETS. “Energy transfer is most efficient when the reconnection process takes place at the dayside magnetopause, which occurs during periods when the interplanetary field points southward and is thus antiparallel to the intrinsic geomagnetic field.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY FLUX. “In a quiescent situation, energy inflow is gradual, the energy is dissipated in the ionosphere, and magnetic flux opened at the dayside reconnection process is closed by a quasistatic reconnection process in the distant magnetotail at about 100–200 RE from the Earth.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY FLUX. “In a quiescent situation, energy inflow is gradual, the energy is dissipated in the ionosphere, and magnetic flux opened at the dayside reconnection process is closed by a quasistatic reconnection process in the distant magnetotail at about 100–200 RE from the Earth.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY GYRES. “It is estimated that about half of the energy that enters via the dayside reconnection process is processed in the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere, while the other half is carried by the plasmoid(s) back to the solar wind.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

GIANT FLUX. “Magnetic reconnection in the tail leads to formation of a plasma structure where the field lines are no longer connected to the Earth. This plasmoid is accelerated tailward and ejects a large portion of the plasma sheet plasma, magnetic flux, and energy back to the solar wind.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

AURORAS. “On ground, magnetospheric substorms are seen as disturbances in the geomagnetic field caused by the field-aligned current systems and auroral electrojet currents in the ionosphere. Energetic electrons precipitating into the ionosphere and colliding with the atmospheric constituents create bright auroral displays in the night sector auroral region.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PLASMA SHEET. “Because the reconnection region is limited in the cross-tail direction, the flow shear between the fast outflow from the reconnection region and the ambient Earthward plasma flow within the plasma sheet creates a pair of field-aligned current sheets, where the current flows to the ionosphere at the eastern edge of the reconnection region and out from the ionosphere at the western edge.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn