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THE FRACTAL EQUATION: Take a small number, square it, add the original number, feed back into the original equation, square it, add the original number, ad infinitum. For some numbers nothing happens (ie: 0,1) but for others it grows very quickly and escapes to infinity. This generates infinite complexity from such a simple formula. https://youtu.be/fFyC68CIEio View in LinkedIn

CLOUD FORMATION. “At ground level, the cosmic ray particles cause ionization, and the associated vertical electric currents can influence the production of ice-forming nuclei and clouds in the upper troposphere. These effects might be related to local decreases in the amount of cloud cover associated with short-term changes in the cosmic rays due to increased solar activity.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC RAYS AND AEROSOLS. “The correlation of cosmic rays on only low-altitude cloud cover suggests that the cosmic rays may influence the formation of aerosols and through that the abundance of condensation nuclei in the atmosphere which can form liquid water drops.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

AURORAL QUIRKS. “The amount of induced current in a system is not directly related to the distance to the auroral currents; the ground resistivity and the particular network configuration and its resistances have an important contribution in determining the size of the disturbance. This makes the observed induced current values highly variable from site to site and from system to system.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

AURORAL PHENOMENA. “The first observations of space weather-associated induced currents were made already in early telegraph systems more than 150 years ago. In general, being related to auroral phenomena, the geomagnetically induced currents are a high-latitude problem, affecting most regions such as the Scandinavian countries, Russia, and Canada.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

TELECOM OUTAGES. “Telecommunication devices may experience overvoltages. As optical fibre cables do not carry induced currents, space weather risks on telecommunication equipment are probably smaller today than they were earlier. However, metal wires are still used in parallel with optical cables for the power to repeat stations.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

CRITICAL VARIABLE. “However, the effects in the near-Earth environment critically depend on the polarity of the magnetic cloud, i.e., whether the magnetic field rotates from north to south or vice versa.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

WARNING SYSTEM. “Coronal mass ejection occurrence is routinely recorded and their travel direction determined from solar coronagraph data. Space weather warnings are given for those ICME events that propagate in a direction that probably will lead to encounter with the Earth’s space environment.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

EARLY WARNINGS. “Prediction schemes have been developed based on a combination of earlier values of radiation belt fluxes, and past and present solar wind parameters. When these conditions are compared against a database of earlier driver-effect events, the closest comparison event can be used as a forecast of what lies 24–48 hours ahead.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn