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OBSERVABILITY. “Thus, it is possible to use the gross behavior of the outer zone electron population on day timescales using a single or a few satellites only.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC DRIVERS. “Electron radiation belt climatology has shown that the entire outer radiation zone tends to vary in a relatively coherent way under the influence of major external drivers (high-speed solar wind streams, CMEs, magnetic clouds).” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC IMPACT. “The current magnitudes that are a potential risk for a power transmission system are highly dependent on transformer design and on other engineering details of the network. This means that any space weather hazard assessment must include the details of the engineering solutions in the estimates.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATIVE EFFECTS. “Most biological functions arise from interactions among many components. For example, in the signal transduction system in yeast that converts the detection of a pheromone into the act of mating, there is no single protein responsible for amplifying the input signal provided by the pheromone molecule.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn

BYZANTINE SYSTEM. “Cells exist far from thermal equilibrium by harvesting energy from their environment. They are composed of thousands of different types of molecule. They contain information for their survival and reproduction, in the form of their DNA. Their interactions with the environment depend in a byzantine fashion on this information, and the information and the machinery that interprets it are replicated by reproducing the cell.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn

THE ISSUE OF PURPOSE. “Although living systems obey the laws of physics and chemistry, the notion of function or purpose differentiates biology from other natural sciences. Organisms exist to reproduce, whereas, outside religious belief, rocks and stars have no purpose.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn

THE THESIS. “Cellular functions, such as signal transmission, are carried out by ‘modules’ made up of many species of interacting molecules.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn