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“THE CoRoT-7b super-Earth. The atmosphere is made of rocky vapours with a very low pressure (P ⩽ 1.5 Pa), no cloud can be sustained, and no thermalisation of the planet is expected. The dayside is very hot (2474 ± 71 K at the sub-stellar point) while the nightside is very cold (50–75 K). The sub-stellar point is as hot as the tungsten filament of an incandescent bulb, resulting in the melting and distillation of silicate rocks and the formation of a lava ocean.” https://lnkd.in/dDkzNen View in LinkedIn

JUPITER, SATURN AND VENUS. “In contrast to planets like the Earth, Jupiter or Saturn, Venus does not have an intrinsic magnetic field and thus its atmosphere is not protected against the incoming solar wind. However, solar UV radiation ionizes the upper atmosphere creating an ionosphere which in turn interacts with the solar wind ions and the magnetic field carried by the solar wind.” https://lnkd.in/dVhpP9H View in LinkedIn

MERCURY. “In contrast to the other terrestrial planets Mercury does not have an atmosphere, but it has a relatively weak magnetic field. The strong solar UV radiation leads to photo-chemical escape of ions from Mercury's surface. Also solar wind protons can penetrate through the magnetospheric cusps and sputter ions off the surface. Due to the absence of an ionosphere no significant energy can be stored in the magnetosphere of Mercury such that solar wind disturbances will lead to short time deformations of the magnetosphere.” https://lnkd.in/dVhpP9H View in LinkedIn

MARS. “In the absence of an intrinsic dipole magnetic field, Mars' O+ planetary ions are accelerated by the solar wind. Because of their large gyroradius, a population of these planetary ions can precipitate back into Mars' upper atmosphere with enough energy to eject neutrals into space via collision. This process, referred to as sputtering, may have been a dominant atmospheric loss process during earlier stages of our Sun. “ https://lnkd.in/djesTG5 View in LinkedIn

“VENUS is the most dangerous planet in the solar system: its surface is at 393°C, hot enough to melt lead. It’s even hotter than the planet Mercury, which is closest to the Sun. Venus’ atmosphere is acidic and thick. Its clouds, which hide the surface from view, contain concentrated sulfuric acid — strong enough to dissolve most metals used to make spacecraft. The atmosphere is nearly as thick as liquid water because its surface pressure is extremely high — 93 times the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere.” https://lnkd.in/dAsAqH7 View in LinkedIn

RESORTING TO MATHS. “Various calculations have been performed which indicate phase transitions from hadronic to quark matter in the core of massive neutron stars, in neutron star mergers or even in core collapse supernovae of very massive stars.” https://lnkd.in/dF38pNe View in LinkedIn

CHARGED PARTICLES. “The magnetosphere traps many particles near the planet and, more importantly, shields most of the planet from the solar wind flux. Charged particles in the planetary magnetospheres can originate from different sources and are generated by a large variety of mechanisms. For instance, neutral particles can escape the atmosphere of a planet or can be knocked off its atmosphere or surface of a moon. These particles can be ionized due to UV radiation from the sun or collisions with other particles and also contribute to planetary plasmas.” https://lnkd.in/dVhpP9H View in LinkedIn

UNKNOWN STATES OF MATTER. “The structure of the QCD phase diagram in the region of large baryon chemical potential is essentially unknown. Exotic phases of QCD matter have been proposed, such as quarkyonic matter, which can be considered as a Fermi gas of free quarks, with all thermal excitations permanently confined. In addition to these conjectured landmarks, figure 1 indicates also the regions of cosmic matter like neutron stars and neutron star mergers, which are located at large baryon-chemical potentials, low temperatures, and finite isospin chemical potentials.” (QCD = quark matter). https://lnkd.in/dF38pNe View in LinkedIn

PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS. “Their undisturbed fields can be described in first order as dipolar fields. The region which is dominated by the planetary magnetic field is called the magnetosphere. Its dominating pressure is exerted by the magnetic field and the trapped charged particles within the magnetosphere while in the surrounding interplanetary space the dominant pressure is created by the solar wind. This external pressure compresses the planetary dipolar field at the dayside and forms a long magnetotail on the nightside.” https://lnkd.in/dVhpP9H View in LinkedIn

SIMULATIONS. “Laboratory experiments with high-energetic heavy-ion collisions offer the opportunity to explore fundamental properties of nuclear matter, such as the high-density equation-of-state, which governs the structure and dynamics of cosmic objects and phenomena like neutron stars, supernova explosions, and neutron star mergers.” https://lnkd.in/dF38pNe View in LinkedIn