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Nature abounds with geometric symmetries, surprising because it is generally non-geometric in form in a traditional Euclidian sense. View in LinkedIn

SUPPORT. “The Beadle and Tatum's studies in Neurospora “showed that an altered genotype creates altered enzymatic properties in the cytoplasm. Enzymes were the link between genotype and phenotype. Genes controlled the production of enzymes; enzymes controlled the phenotype of the cell.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

EVOLVED CONSCIOUSNESS. “The mathematician David Mumford explicitly acknowledges the requirement for pre-verbal humans and other intelligent animals to use internal languages.” https://lnkd.in/dCNSFyW View in LinkedIn

REDEFINITION. “The evidence that differentiation is caused by the differential expression of batteries of genes from identical genomes came from the study of unicellular organisms. Differentiation is to be seen not in terms of tissue structure but "as the controlled production of unique enzyme patterns." This redefinition, he stated, would focus our attention on "the relationship between the genes in the nucleus and the properties of the cytoplasm." https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

THE LEAP. “This surprising result--that information capacity depends on surface area--has a natural explanation if the holographic principle (proposed by t Hooft and elaborated by Susskind) is true.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR VS CYTOPLASMIC. “Other biologists, notably Haldane (1932) and Goldschmidt (1939) were also postulating that genes acted at different times during development; but they did not place so much value on the cytoplasmic feedback. This may be a pleasant hypothesis, but there was no evidence in its favor.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

PILE OF COMPUTER CHIPS. “It would seem that either the GSL or our commonsense ideas of entropy and information capacity must fail. In fact, what fails is the pile itself: it would collapse under its own gravity and form a black hole before that impasse was reached. Thereafter each additional memory chip would increase the mass and surface area of the black hole in a way that would continue to preserve the GSL.” (GSL = generalized second law). https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

MORGAN OVERCAME THE HURDLE. “Cells that contain different types of cytoplasm would be able to activate different batteries of genes.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

THE HURDLE. “Genes could not be relevant to embryology until geneticists could explain how identical genes could generate different types of cells. In 1934, T. H. Morgan speculated that every gene, even though present in every cell, might not be active in every cell.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

THE PROBLEM OF PERMEABILITY. “However, the nuclear envelope proved to be a permeable barrier. More and more, geneticists began to see some form of differential gene activity as the cause for embryogenesis. Jumping over the nuclear boundary, they claimed embryology as part of their domain as well.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn