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TEMPORAL VIEW. “The incorrect amino acids can be inserted into a protein molecule, the synthesis of a protein can be prematurely terminated, and the mutated codon can code the same amino acid as the non-mutated codon. As a consequence of DNA constant change, the difference between the mutated and normal versions of the gene changes over time.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

GENE-LEVEL MUTATIONS. “It may be a swapping of one nucleotide for another one, a deleting or omitting of a specific nucleotide from the strand, or an inserting of an extra nucleotide into the replication strand. Besides the single codon substitutions, on the level of codons there exist other categories of mutations.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

MUTATIONS. “The mutations on the gene level affect the genes, which subsequently can lead to production malfunctions of various proteins. Gene-level mutations are caused by different types of processes.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this last section on quantum biology. A fresh perspective on biology through the eyes of physicists gives startlingly new perspectives; their more theoretical analysis of a set of data is powerful, and opens new doors that were not apparent before. Increasingly, physicists are entering biology with their new tools, thought experiments, and tremendous ability to use mathematics to probe matter. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

OTHER APPLICATIONS. However, our mathematical method can also be used not only for mapping and determination of the genomes of viruses and subsequent prediction of their mutations, but also in astrophysical and cosmological systems. Following symmetry in biological nature gives us a chance to also compute the structures of biological systems in our description of the mutation genes.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn