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BACKWARDS IN TIME. “Antiparticles have been discovered in the negative energy solutions of Dirac's equation and were thought of being evolved backward in time.” (Yes, read that again!). https://lnkd.in/drUkrKWz View in LinkedIn

OUTPUT. “Moreover, the signal response surfaces of the AND and NAND gates (Figs 3 and 5) show the sigmoid response property for both inputs, largely due to the high cooperativity of the two transcriptional activator proteins.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

VERIFIED. “The transcription-based AND gate was shown to be robust with functionality in a range of different tested contexts.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

LEGO GENES. “A modular combinatorial logic NAND gate was generated by directly connecting the AND gate output to a NOT gate module. Because of modularity, the AND and NAND gates can be reconnected to different sensor inputs to integrate multiple environmental and cellular signals and thus be applied to identify a specific combinatorial condition, like the cancer microenvironment.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX MODULARITY. “The device integrated two individual environmental signals through the two transcriptional inputs to generate one output response, accordingly, in the logic AND manner. The AND gate was shown to be modular by exchanging the inputs and output of the circuit while preserving the logic AND function.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

A GREAT START. “There is a pressing need to expand the currently limited parts kit of gene circuit engineering. As demonstrated in the construction of the genetic logic gates, the diverse natural building blocks in the myriad of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species provides a rich source from which to engineer orthogonal devices with a variety functions.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL SIGNALS. “Unlike electronic digital circuits, the components in a biological circuit are not connected by wires, and the flow of biological information has to depend on their specific chemical interactions to avoid cross-talk.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

REDUCED NOISE. “The circuit chassis compatibility assays reported here (Fig. 6) indicate that the use of orthogonal and exogenous gene elements for a synthetic circuit in a chassis help to minimize the potential unintended interactions between the circuit and host genetic programmes.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

SCALABLE. “Orthogonal parts and modules, such as the AND gate engineered in this study, are important for the compatibility and scalable design of large gene circuits comprising many components. Orthogonality implies that the newly added parts and modules should not cross-talk with those present in the engineered biological systems as well as the host genetic background.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

STRATEGY. “The obtained transfer functions of the logic gates implemented here can be used to simulate the behaviour of larger integrated devices or systems when the context in which they are placed is preserved. Alternatively, biological components might be insulated physically and genetically to let them act more stably and predictably in different contexts.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn