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Wet limestone cobblestone street leading to the great wall in Girona. View in LinkedIn

KNOCK-OUTS. “Later, parallel mutations in the adenine DNA glycosylase gene (mutY) arose in independent lineages; these mutations approximately halved the mutation rate, apparently by knocking out a mechanism by which misincorporations of oxidized nucleotides during DNA replication (caused by the original mutT defect) were misrepaired. The resulting reduction in genetic load was estimated to be ~0.5%.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

ALL IS CHANGE. “Solid land has been converted into sea. Sea has been changed into land. Marine shells lie far distant from the deep, and the anchor has been found on the summit of the hills.” (Page 13, Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation, Volume 1, By Sir Charles Lyell, Gérard Paul Deshayes). https://lnkd.in/dZDsbmvJ View in LinkedIn

DOMINANT TYPES. “In cases (i) and (ii) leftover matter and antimatter respectively would each move toward the origin and annihilation or destruction. In cases (iii) and (iv) the remaining opposite particles in both cases move away from the origin, and thus contribute to the preponderance of antimatter on the (-) side and matter on the (+) side respectively.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

MATTER-ANTIMATTER UNIVERSES. “Now consider the fate of the opposite partner particles left behind in all these cases. In case (A) antimatter is left on the (-) side; in case (B) matter is left on the (+) side.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

THE FULCRUM. “Annihilation would destroy the antimatter in case (iv) similarly created very close to the origin on the (+) side moving backward in time toward the origin. Close approach to the origin will in any case destroy all particles as the temperature rises.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

Girona at night is transformed and goes back in time. View in LinkedIn

KNOWN UNKNOWNS. “We do not know what time is. Matter is not alien to space; material elementary particles (non-zero rest energy) are longitudinal wavepackets of contracted, or dilated, space, which are the bivalent elementary electric charges. Space must be an elastic fluid.” (Shlomo Barak). https://lnkd.in/dsc-CDEc View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this second and last weekend on the subject of mutations in evolution. It is clear that this topic is central to cancer development and understanding how populations of cells evolve in culture has led to the beginning of new approaches to thinking about cancer treatment. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

WIDER APPLICABILITY. “Future studies might also reveal the extent to which ecological interactions and differences in evolvability in these genetically diverse cell populations affect disease outcomes.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn