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NEW CARTOON. “In the early 1990s the New Muon Collaboration (NMC) reported measurements of the deep inelastic structure functions (F2) of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D).” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

OLD PICTURE. “Several authors assumed that at some low momentum scale the sea quarks and gluons vanish, and at high momentum scales they are all generated by gluon radiation and then gluon splitting. These assumptions were used to describe successfully the existing data in the late 1970s.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

Tinkering with nonsense can lead you down unexpected rabbit holes leading to unimagined worlds. Just see where these paths lead! View in LinkedIn

MEMORY + IMAGINATION. “One might think that remembering the past is merely an act of recall. However, emerging research suggests that memory construction underlies imaginative thinking because humans are not able to “play back” the past like a movie-reel, but instead must cobble together a likely rendering of past events based on educated, imagined guesses.” (Lovely article). https://lnkd.in/dXnTq46Z View in LinkedIn

EARLY CARTOON. “Nevertheless, the initial naive expectation was that the sea was formed predominantly by gluons splitting into quark–antiquark pairs.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

THE INKLING. “Even before QCD, hadronic models emphasized the importance of the presence of mesons, and therefore (as was realized later) antiquarks, in the physical state of a proton or neutron.” (QCD = quantum chromodynamics). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

RICH STRUCTURE. “These additional quarks and antiquarks are referred to as sea quarks. Collectively quarks and gluons are referred to as partons. It is not possible to identify any individual up or down quark as a sea or valence quark, but antiquarks and strange quarks must belong to the sea, so their study promises to reveal information about the structure of the proton.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

SIMPLISTIC CARTOON. “The original quark model, in which the proton consists of two up quarks (u) and one down (d) quark, has an appealing simplicity, but experiments that measure the distributions of quarks as a function of the fractional momentum (x) of the proton that these quarks carry have revealed a rich structure with additional quarks, antimatter quarks (antiquarks) and gluons, beyond the minimal three-quark Fock state.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

COUPLED QUARK SYSTEM. “At large energy and momentum scales, the interaction is relatively weak, whereas at lower energy scales the picture is clouded by the increasingly strong interaction.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

PROTON INNARDS. “The structure of the proton is a prototypical example of a strongly coupled and correlated system with quarks and gluons interacting according to quantum chromodynamics (QCD).” View in LinkedIn