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AVERAGES AT SCALE. “In this type of emergence, an intricate theory existing at a small scale gives rise to a simpler theory at a larger scale in that details are averaged out in the transition from small to large scales. The average is what is observed at the larger scale.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)140.pdf View in LinkedIn

SURROGATE MARKER. “Most of what we know about galactic magnetic fields comes through the detection of radio waves.” https://lnkd.in/gA4b9wZV View in LinkedIn

KEY TO THE UNIVERSE. “Magnetism contributes to every astrophysical process on every scale and its study offers considerable opportunity for transformational understanding.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

BLACK BOX. “Theory tells us the magnetic fields pervade all of this intergalactic space, but as yet there have been no measurements of intergalactic magnetic fields. The origin of cosmic fields and their evolution and role in structure formation is unknown.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURED UNIVERSE. “We know that on the largest scales there is structure to the Universe: voids, filaments, and clusters (e.g. the cosmic web).” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

“MAGNETIC FIELDS in AGN are observed from pc scales to Mpc scales, e.g. from the non-thermal filaments in the Galactic centre, VLBI polarimetry of radio galaxy cores, to polarization of jets, and radio lobes. They affect the accretion disk, jet collimation and particle acceleration, and contribute significantly to the pressure inside radio lobes.” (AGN = Active Galactic Nuclei). https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

JETS OF IONS. “Active Galactic Nuclei, powered by accretion on a supermassive black hole, eject relativistic jets that interact with the interstellar and intergalactic medium on sub-pc to Mpc scales.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

ORIGINS. “Acceleration to these extreme energies could be due to transients such as massive supernovae or compact object mergers, active-galactic nuclei, or galaxy clusters, though the exact mechanism is unclear.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

EXTREME ENERGY. “Additionally, ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are extragalactic cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10(18) eV.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

PARTICLE ACCELERATORS. “Galactic magnetic fields are thought to be responsible for the acceleration of electrons, positrons and ions to cosmic rays.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn