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PATHOGENS IMMUNE TO CHLORINE. "Lakay et al. obtained only a partial elimination of Microthrix parvicella bacteria at a high chlorine dose. Hwang and Tanaka found in batch tests that M. parvicella remained intact at very high chlorine doses. More recently, Madoni et al. reported in a survey in Italy that use of chlorination was successful in only 63% of the cases." http://lnkd.in/dtNDtbi View in LinkedIn

POWERFUL RIGHT WING INTERESTS. "The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank that often works in coalitions with right-wing groups. Cato's extensive publications program deals with a host of policy issues including budget issues, Social Security, monetary policy, natural resource policy, military spending, government regulation, international trade, and myriad other issues." http://lnkd.in/dD4DktQ View in LinkedIn

WE ARE SELECTING FOR CHLORINE RESISTANCE. "Bacteria from the chlorinated system were more resistant to both the combined and free forms of chlorine than those from the unchlorinated system, suggesting that there may be selection for more chlorine-tolerant microorganisms in chlorinated waters." http://lnkd.in/dwi67PR View in LinkedIn

WHO IS THE CATO INSTITUTE? "The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded as the Charles Koch Foundation in 1974 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the conglomerate Koch Industries." http://lnkd.in/diTe8xC View in LinkedIn

CDC DATA ON BASAL CHLORINE-RESISTANT PATHOGENS. "Enteroviruses have moderate chlorine tolerance, while Protozoa have high tolerance to chlorine. Notably, those with higher resistance, particularly toxoplasma and cryptosporidium, need long (1440 and 90 minute) chlorine exposures to achieve a 99% kill rate." http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/effectiveness-on-pathogens.html View in LinkedIn

CHLORINE RESISTANCE IS EMERGING. "Pathogens such as Cryptosporidium are resistant to chlorination and can appear even in high quality water supplies. Cryptosporidium was the cause of the largest reported drinking water outbreak in U.S. history, affecting over 400,000 people in Milwaukee in April 1993. More than 100 deaths are attributed to this outbreak." http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

CHLORINE-RESISTANT PATHOGENS. "Some pathogens found in surface water are resistant to normal doses of chlorine but they are likely to be removed if appropriate treatment (e.g. fine filtration) is provided prior to chlorination." Methods are slow to change. This is less about developing new resistance than the known variation in basal susceptibility to chlorine toxicity. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/chlorination.htm View in LinkedIn

RECENT WATER-BOURNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS. "From 1991 to 2000, there were 155 outbreaks and 431,846 cases of illness in public and individual water systems in the U.S. By far, the largest outbreak of this period occurred in 1993 with the emerging pathogen Cryptosporidium in Milwaukee." What follow-up analysis of the cause ensued? http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

IS CHLORINE RESISTANCE THE NEXT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE? We all know about the antibiotic resistance crisis. But the same evolutionary pressures to survive are inevitably playing out with chlorine treatment of pathogens in drinking water. The high mutation rate of microbes, and their ability to live in all extreme habitats on earth (extremophiles) make it a certainty a sub-population is thriving. View in LinkedIn

WELL-FUNDED STAKEHOLDERS hold the microphone on issues of water chlorination, and selectively choose convenient facts. The misinformation war is alive and well in this hot topic. View in LinkedIn