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PATHOGENIC VIRUSES IN US CITY WELL WATER. Half of wells tested in this US city contained gastrointestinal pathogenic viruses and 23% contained two or more types. "Contrary to expectations the study found viruses in all wells," probably from leaking sewerage lines. Filtration through gravel was not enough to eliminate them. http://lnkd.in/dD9MpST View in LinkedIn

DRINKING WATER VIRAL LOAD. A paper on the development of DNA assays for enteric viruses in drinking water. http://lnkd.in/dSnABQz View in LinkedIn

VIRUSES IN TREATED DRINKING WATER, include enteroviruses and rotaviruses, even when standard water plant test parameters are met. This study quantitate so the viral load in raw, clarifies, filtered and finished water samples. http://lnkd.in/dWMZhNt View in LinkedIn

50% OF DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN GROUNDWATER DUE TO VIRUSES. Enteric viruses in drinking water pose a health threat, but since many of them will not grow in tissue culture, the are not monitored. There is serious morbidity in children from viral diarrheal diseases, and many enteric disease outbreaks worldwide. 37 viruses from 100 species now have molecular diagnostics available. http://lnkd.in/dMTnwvZ View in LinkedIn

PATHOGENIC VIRUSES IN DRINKING WATER present an ongoing health threat for communities, in part because more sophisticated viral load assays are needed, and are generally not employed. While many are killed by chlorination, like bacteria, there are also chlorine resistant viruses. View in LinkedIn

CHLORINE TREATMENT of raw water is not designed to produce bacteria free water, but reduce health hazards and make it aesthetically pleasing. Bacterial spores will be unaffected by purification. "Raw water contains a myriad of different bacterial species, many of which have not been cultured, much less identified." (WHO Report). http://lnkd.in/dY764Z7 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIA WITHIN AMOEBA survive chlorination. "Bacteria could be cultured from within treated protozoans well after the time required for 99% inactivation of free-living cells. All bacterial pathogens were greater than 50-fold more resistant to free chlorine when ingested by T. pyriformis." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3223766 View in LinkedIn

NEW RESISTANT BACTERIUM. "This study describes the identification and characterization of a new chlorine resistant bacterium, Sphingomonas TS001, isolated from a model drinking water distribution system." One of many. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236642240_Characterization_and_identification_of_a_chlorine-resistant_bacterium_Sphingomonas_TS001_from_a_model_drinking_water_distribution_system View in LinkedIn

CRYPTO REMOVAL. "Other common filtration processes including slow sand filters, diatomaceous earth filter, and membranes will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium ... drinking water believed to be contaminated by Cryptosporidium, the safest option is to boil all water used for drinking." http://lnkd.in/dwb2UCd View in LinkedIn

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM is chlorine resistant. "Cryptosporidiosis is typically an acute, short-term infection, but can become severe and nonresolving in children and immunocompromised individuals ... it remains in the lower intestine and may remain for up to five weeks. The parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy cysts (oocysts) that ... exist in the small intestine." http://lnkd.in/dwb2UCd View in LinkedIn