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PROFESSOR NATHAN FASTEN (1919): "The protoplasm of the living organism consists essentially of (1) water (2) crystalloids and (3) colloids, and it might be truly stated that all the complex and unintelligible manifestations of living matter depend, largely, on the delicate interplay of these three substances." http://www.jstor.org/stable/6796?seq=1 View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL REACTIONS can be harnessed to do work and develop enhanced materials. Such enhanced materials will become the bread and butter of future claytronic strategies when these independent fields find mutual utility by chance or by dint of reason. View in LinkedIn

NEW STATES OF MATTER are being described every year, changing our tidy simple universe into one of perhaps endless possibilities. I will end our survey of the new states here, as they were, in part, an answer to the seemingly outrageous ascertain that "Blurring the line between materials and mechanics ... may even result in new states of matter." http://esciencenews.com/dictionary/state.of.matter View in LinkedIn

QUANTUM SPIN LIQUIDS. "Researchers at MIT have discovered a new state of matter with a new kind of magnetism. This new state, called a quantum spin liquid (QSL), could lead to significant advances in data storage. QSLs also exhibit a quantum phenomenon called long-range entanglement, which could lead to new types of communications systems, and more." https://lnkd.in/dq6j69a View in LinkedIn

NEW STATE OF MATTER FOUND: "embodied by "topological insulators," materials that conduct electricity only on their surfaces. First identified at the ALS in 2007 by a Princeton team led by M. Zahid Hasan, topological insulators have been the subject of intense interest, based on unusual quantum properties that manifest themselves macroscopically." http://www-als.lbl.gov/index.php/holding/481-als-reveals-new-state-of-matter.html View in LinkedIn

BIOLOGICAL DISORDERED HYPERUNIFORMITY. "Materials in a state of disordered hyperuniformity are like crystals in that they keep the density of particles consistent across large spatial distances ... But these systems are also like liquids, because they have the same physical properties in all directions ... previously it had only been seen in physical systems like liquid helium and simple plasmas." Found in chicken eyes. https://lnkd.in/d4AsQZS View in LinkedIn

"QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT Creates New State of Matter. Half a million ultracold atoms were linked together in the first-ever “macroscopic spin singlet” state. Entanglement is a consequence of the strange probabilistic rules of quantum mechanics and seems to permit an eerie instantaneous connection over long distances that defies the laws of our macroscopic world." http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-entanglement-creates-new-state-of-matter1/ View in LinkedIn

ANTIOXIDANTS AND ROS. "At low temperatures, the solubility of gasses and the production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase significantly. To counteract this, C. psychrerythraea and D. psychrophila have an enhanced antioxidant capacity owing to the presence of several genes that encode catalases and superoxide dismutases." https://lnkd.in/dfrND2M View in LinkedIn

LIQUID CRYSTALS. "Liquid crystals enable chemoresponsive reconfigurable colloidal self-assembly." Remember liquid crystals in unusual optical phenomena in nature? https://lnkd.in/dCWEe2S View in LinkedIn

OUTER MEMBRANE CHANGES. "Surprisingly, our results show little or no adaptation to low temperature for those parts of the proteins that are predicted to be inside the membrane. However, changes in amino acid composition and hydrophobicity are found for complete sequences and sequence parts outside the lipid bilayer." https://lnkd.in/dDPNjQV View in LinkedIn