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MINOR MUTATION. "We recently embarked on a molecular genetic analysis of the L-form state and showed that conversion of Bacillus subtilis into a form that can replicate reasonably efficiently in the absence of a cell wall (i.e. as an L-form) requires only two genetic changes." https://lnkd.in/d_F2hqt View in LinkedIn

L-FORMS GET EVERYWHERE. "Since they are too small to be filtered during the purification processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing procedures, they can be transmitted through injectable medicines. They have even been cultured from dry soil." https://lnkd.in/dQMKvSU View in LinkedIn

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY. There exist "dozens of polymicrobial diseases, caused by combinations of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In these infections, the presence of one micro-organism generates a niche for other pathogenic micro-organisms to colonise, one micro-organism predisposes the host to colonisation by other micro-organisms, or two or more non-pathogenic micro-organisms together cause disease." http://mpkb.org/home/pathogenesis/kochs_postulates View in LinkedIn

L-FORMS DEFY KOCH. "Gerald Domingue, Professor Emeritus at Tulane University states, “When it comes to L-form bacteria, Koch’s postulates cannot be fulfilled because it is impossible to duplicate all the variables involved in disease expression.” http://mpkb.org/home/pathogenesis/kochs_postulates View in LinkedIn

1887 TO 2015. "Koch's postulates never anticipated the era of the human metagenome in which thousands of difficult or impossible-to-culture species of bacteria contribute to a single disease state. Koch's century-old ideas have held science back from understanding how chronic disease occurs because they make no provision for these facts ... mounting evidence that Koch's postulates no longer apply to discerning the vast amounts of microbes in the human body." http://mpkb.org/home/pathogenesis/kochs_postulates View in LinkedIn

REVISTING KOCH. "Some researchers believe Koch’s postulates may have to be redefined in terms of molecular data when dormant and non-culturable bacteria are implicated as causative agents of mysterious diseases ... “microbes can now be irrefutably linked to pathology without meeting Koch’s postulates”. https://lnkd.in/dDKztC5 View in LinkedIn

KOCH'S 4 POSTULATES (1877). "1) infected tissue must show the presence of a particular microorganism not found in healthy animals; 2) the microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture; 3) when injected into a healthy animal, the microorganism must cause the disease associated with it; and 4) this “second generation” microorganism should then be isolated and shown to be identical with the microorganism found in 1)." http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/koch.html View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE this weekend continues with L-form bacteria. These creatures are intrinsically curious because of their lack of cell wall, and their difficulty to detect by standard laboratory methods. More curious, however, is their possible role in a wide variety of chronic diseases, and their possible association with vitamin D metabolism. View in LinkedIn

INFOGRAPHIC ON IOT AND SMARTDUST. https://lnkd.in/eMj6-qK View in LinkedIn

SWARM EVASION. "Thousands of motes, each generating a tiny bit of laser light, could transmit information to overhead drones by working together as a big distributed “flashlight.” Or they could link up into a big low-frequency radio antenna to beam out their signals." https://lnkd.in/ezqcA3j View in LinkedIn