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TASTE CELL MEDIATOR. "These results suggest that TNF-alpha produced by taste cells may function as a physiologic or pathological mediator in immune surveillance and inflammation." https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

BACTERIA AND INFLAMMATION. "Can TNF-alpha expressing taste cells respond to microbial-derived molecules, such as LPS? The results of this study show that TNF-alpha and its mRNA are significantly up-regulated in taste tissues of mice receiving systemic LPS administration." Thus some microbe molecules directly cause an inflammatory reaction in taste cells. https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL PRODUCTS AFFECT TASTE CELLS. "Inflammatory activators, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from bacteria can affect taste progenitor cell regeneration, taste cell turnover, and recovery of taste nerve response after section and dietary sodium restriction." https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

BACTERIA AND TASTE. "Infection and inflammation are thought to contribute to or exacerbate taste disorders." https://lnkd.in/eGn-ntk View in LinkedIn

TASTE BUD CYTOKINES. "While immune cells, such a T-cells and macrophages, are rarely found in taste buds, high levels of expression of some immune-responses-associated molecules are found in taste buds...a specific subset of taste cells selectively express high levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)." https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

PROLIFERATION MINUS DEATH = RESIDUAL LIFE. "Even though the cells of the taste bud undergo constant turnover, the structural homeostasis of the bud is maintained by balancing cell proliferation and cell death. Compared with nongustatory lingual epithelial cells, taste cells express higher levels of several inflammatory receptors and signaling proteins." https://lnkd.in/evfercC View in LinkedIn

GUT CHANGES AND TASTE RECEPTORS. "Both short and long term changes in the luminal contents alter expression of bitter taste receptors." https://lnkd.in/e36SVG6 View in LinkedIn

TASTE RECEPTORS exist in the mammalian gut. How they coordinate with taste receptors in the mouth is an active subject of investigation. "Oral sensing seems to mostly influence food discrimination and nutrient appetite, while post-oral chemosensors may relate to nutrient utilization and inhibition of appetite." https://lnkd.in/eDDXHEC View in LinkedIn

PATHOLOGY SHIFT. "Microbes in the gastrointestinal tract are under selective pressure to manipulate host eating behavior to increase their fitness, sometimes at the expense of the host." This is true in the case of a shift in balance of the normal gut microbiome or dysbiosis. https://lnkd.in/es44Vig View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT IN NATURE this weekend continues with the theme of the interaction of the Microbiome and the taste receptors, both in the mouth and through the gut, which are a key regulator of satiety, food choices, and health. View in LinkedIn