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BIOME AND OBESITY. Mice lacking the toll-like receptor TLR5 became obese and developed altered gut microbiota, hyperphagia, insulin resistance, and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Fecal pellets from these TLR5 knockout mice, when fed to wild type mice, induced the same phenotype. https://lnkd.in/eknVNSM View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS. "However...alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, can influence the development and progress of metabolic and neurological disorders." https://lnkd.in/eE5cSys View in LinkedIn

LANDMARK PAPER by Backhed et al. Genetically predisposed obese mice remained lean when raised in germ-free conditions without a microbiota. Fecal transplants of mouse feces from normal obese mice into these germ-free mice induced obesity. Inoculation of obese human feces into these germ-free mice produced the same outcome. https://lnkd.in/eGCSdvJ View in LinkedIn

A KEY TO HEALTH. "The human gut microbiota contains more than 100 trillion bacteria that, under normal physiological conditions, have beneficial symbiotic interactions with the host." https://lnkd.in/eE5cSys View in LinkedIn

SMART BUGS. "Microbes produce a variety of neurochemicals that are exact analogs of mammalian hormones involved in mood and behavior. More than 50% of the dopamine and the vast majority of the body's serotonin have intestinal sources." https://lnkd.in/es44Vig View in LinkedIn

BIOME AND DISEASE. "Studies are revealing how diverse forms of neuro-immune and neuro-psychiatric disorders are correlated with, or modulated by variations of microbiome, microbiota-derived products and exogenous antibiotics and probiotics." A healthy biome, a healthy host. Dysbiosis and pathology. https://lnkd.in/eagiGTJ View in LinkedIn

DRUG FACTORY. "The microbiota manufactures large quantities of neuroactive hormones including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine which control pleasure centers in the brain." https://lnkd.in/eknVNSM View in LinkedIn

DRAMATIC HIJACKING "of the host nervous system can occur through the microbiota sending short chain fatty acid signals to receptors on the vagus nerve, the seat of satiety, which connects the 100 million neurons in the gut to the brain." https://lnkd.in/eknVNSM View in LinkedIn

REWARD SYSTEM CONTROL. Food choices by bacterial hosts are determined in part by a pleasure response; bacteria can modulate the human reward system in the brain to induce satiety. https://lnkd.in/eDFWAiD View in LinkedIn

MOOD AND BACTERIA. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in many mood disorders. Recovery from these is correlated with increased numbers of the gut bacteria Baccilus Infantis. https://lnkd.in/eDFWAiD View in LinkedIn