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UNANTICIPATED ROLES. "D-amino acids have previously unappreciated regulatory roles in the bacterial kingdom. Many diverse bacterial phyla synthesize and release D-amino acids, including D-Met and D-Leu, which were not previously known to be made." https://lnkd.in/eXp7iyx View in LinkedIn

"THE D-ENANTIOMERS of amino acids have been thought to have relatively minor functions in biological processes. While L-amino acids clearly predominate in nature, D-amino acids are sometimes found in proteins that are not synthesized by ribosomes and in bacterial cell walls." Non-ribosomal synthesis of proteins is common in bacteria. https://lnkd.in/eXp7iyx View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL D-AMINO ACIDS. "By selectively incorporating them in the peptidoglycan cell wall, bacteria cope with different environmental stresses." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

"BACTERIA synthesize a pool of different D-amino acids, including D-methionine (D-Met) and D-leucine (D-Leu) in Vibrio cholerae and D-tyrosine (D-Tyr) and D-phenylalanine (D-Phe) in Bacillus subtilis." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

TWO WORLDS. "So far, no peptidase capable of hydrolyzing a peptide bond characterized by the sequence DD or DL amino acids has been isolated in mammals." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL DEFENSE. "The number of D-amino acids present in the structure of peptidoglycan seems to constitute a measure of protection against peptidase and protease attacks." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

"MOST BACTERIA produce significant amounts of D-alanine (D-Ala) and D-glutamate (D-Glu), which are incorporated into peptidoglycan." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

"L-AMINO ACIDS are predominant in living organisms, but D-amino acids such as D-alanine and D-glutamate also occur in eubacteria like cell walls." https://lnkd.in/ef3s3ff View in LinkedIn

"THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system and consists of around five hundred million neurons." https://lnkd.in/eDFWAiD View in LinkedIn

OVERSIGHT. "Therefore, the presence and function of D-amino acids have not been studied except for D-amino acids in the cell walls of micro organisms." https://lnkd.in/e7QJSwN View in LinkedIn