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IN HIGHER ANIMALS, "innate immunity also lies behind most inflammatory responses; these are triggered in the first instance by macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and mast cells through their innate immune receptors." Plants do not have this overlaid molecular and cellular machinery, but do share the innate receptors. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

"INNATE IMMUNITY is an evolutionarily ancient part of the host defense mechanisms: the same molecular modules are found in plants and animals, meaning that it arose before the split into these two kingdoms. Adaptive immunity is a relative newcomer on the evolutionary landscape." Adaptive immunity only exists in higher animals. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

"INNATE IMMUNITY covers many areas of host defense against pathogenic microbes, including the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)." https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-ATTACK. "Microbial pathogens of eukaryotes use similar strategies to infect animals, invertebrates and plants. In order to colonize their host, microbes have developed sophisticated protein secretion systems for the delivery of virulence effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. The effector proteins modulate host immune responses and promote pathogenesis." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT IMMUNE SYSTEM. "The fact that the earth’s surface is covered with more species of invertebrates and plants than vertebrates speaks to the success of innate immune systems." Plants only have an innate immune system, while vertebrates layered in a second adaptive immune system on this shared ancient defense mechanism. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "Both PAMP- and DAMP-recognition activates PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) which in general prevents microbial colonization." Microbes try and hijack these defenses by modulating PTI pathways. https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

NOD-LIKE RECEPTORS (NLRs) and homologous Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are a family of key innate immune system pathogen pathogen recognition molecules common to both plants and higher animals including man. In man, they are also involved in wound healing. You thought you were so different from a plant? https://lnkd.in/eFus3n9 View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "In addition to detecting PAMPs, the ability to sense a compromised "self" by detecting damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as released plant cell wall fragments is a central part of plant defense." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

PLANT INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM "is mediated by an array of innate immune system receptors: pattern-recognition receptors outside the plant cell and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)– like receptors (NLRs) inside the cell." https://lnkd.in/eNmVQSu View in LinkedIn

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS. "Activation of PRRs leads to a whole range of immune responses, including an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and transcriptional changes." All these molecular events are toxic to plant pathogens. https://lnkd.in/eWZ-igq View in LinkedIn