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MASSIVE EVENT. "Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution would be even more important if we consider animal and plant hybridization a massive horizontal gene transfer event, as well as the proposed role of hybridization in evolution." Reference to the bacterial origin of our mitochondria. https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

PLANT KINGDOM. "It has been shown that the acquisition of foreign genes from bacteria and other eukaryotes is also important in fungi and plant evolution." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

HIGHER ANIMALS. "It is widely accepted that eukaryotic nuclear genomes contain several genes of microbial origin that have been transferred from mitochondrial and plastid ancestors via ancient endosymbiotic events. But a recent study also highlights the role of horizontal gene transfer modulating the evolution of other eukaryotic genomes in a different way: by acquisition of novel genes from living endosymbionts." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

EIGHTY PERCENT IMPORTED. "Today it is estimated that between 1.6 and 32.6 per cent of the genes of each microbial genome have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Moreover, a recent study...shows that this increases dramatically to 81 ± 15 per cent if the cumulative impact of horizontal gene transfer towards lineages is considered, which reinforces the importance of this mechanism in microbial evolution." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

THE COMPLEXITY HYPOTHESIS explains differences in horizontal gene transfer susceptibility. "This hypothesis proposes that the so-called informational genes (involved in DNA replication, transcription and translation, and whose products participate in multiple molecular interactions) are less prone to horizontal gene transfer than operational genes (involved in cell maintenance and whose products have few interactions with other molecules)." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

DRIVING FORCE. "Today it seems evident...that horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer...is an important force driving the evolution of Bacteria and Archaea, as well as that of unicellular eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/eVQ_4UY View in LinkedIn

EXTERNAL GENE ENGINEERING. "Most changes to the metabolic network of Escherichia coli in the past 100 million years have been due to HGT, with little contribution from gene duplication." https://lnkd.in/eXE-r93 View in LinkedIn

FECUNDITY. "The amount of apoptosis that occurs in developing and adult animal tissues can be astonishing. In the developing vertebrate nervous system, for example, up to half or more of the nerve cells normally die soon after they are formed." https://lnkd.in/eaj7Brc View in LinkedIn

Toxic chemicals found in beached pilot whales in Scotland https://lnkd.in/e4bnEu4 View in LinkedIn

"PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (PCD) or apoptosis is critical for cellular self-destruction for a variety of processes such as development or the prevention of oncogenic transformation. PCD must be tightly controlled since disregulated cell death is involved in the development of a large number of different pathologies. To counter the multitude of processes that are capable of triggering death, cells have devised a large number of cellular processes that serve to prevent inappropriate or premature PCD." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn