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DEATH ENZYMES. "Caspases are constitutively present in cells as inactive zymogens with variable-length amino-terminal prodomains. Caspases themselves have caspase cleavage sites separating each domain, and activation of the pro-caspases requires proteolysis at these sites." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

EXECUTIONERS. "Apoptosis is mediated by the activation of a specific class of proteases known as caspases. This name reflects the conserved cysteine in the active site and the requirement for an aspartic acid at the cleavage site of their target proteins." https://lnkd.in/eKW9GDr View in LinkedIn

CENTRAL ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA. "These later examples...clearly demonstrates the central role of the mitochondria in the highly regulated and complex process of many forms of programmed cell death. The activation of the mitochondrial pathway can also occur following the activation of the extrinsic pathway." https://lnkd.in/ekVSuhr View in LinkedIn

FIXING BAD GENES. "The main effect of Muller’s ratchet is the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations, despite the fact that selection opposes their fixation in the population. Such mutation accumulation can sometimes lead to eventual extinction. This occurs if: recombination is absent, population size is finite, almost no back mutations occur, slightly deleterious mutation rates are high and purifying selection is too weak to remove all new deleterious mutations." https://lnkd.in/eAeNG6w View in LinkedIn

CELL DEATH COORDINATOR. "In many cases, apoptotic signals are transmitted to mitochondria, which act as integrators of cell death because both effector and regulatory molecules converge at this organelle." The mitochondria was of bacterial origin and is semi-autonomous. https://lnkd.in/eXVxDrY View in LinkedIn

CROSS SPECIES HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER. "Many instances of interdomain HGT involve transfers between bacteria and eukaryotes, with bacteria-to-eukaryote HGT being more frequent than transfers from eukaryotes-to-bacteria. So far, bacteria-to-animal transfers appear to be limited to invertebrate animals and are particularly prevalent from endosymbiotic bacteria to their host and from bacteria to asexual animals." https://lnkd.in/eBQXvvd View in LinkedIn

INTRINSIC PATHWAY. "The cell autonomous or intrinsic pathway is largely centered around and/or regulated by the mitochondria. The most widely studied form of intrinsic apoptosis is initiated by the stress-mediated release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria that results in the formation of the apoptosome. The apoptosome then activates initiator caspase, typically caspase 9, which leads to the activation of the executioner caspase 3. This leads to the same type of apoptotic response as observed for the extrinsic pathway." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTE TO EUKARYOTE HRT. "In animals, cases of eukaryotes-to-eukaryote HGT include: P elements between fruit fly species; antifreeze proteins between fishes; carotenoids biosynthesis genes from fungi to pea aphids; and trypanosome to human." Seaweed digestive genes in Japanese people. And much more. https://lnkd.in/eBQXvvd View in LinkedIn

TWO MAJOR PATHWAYS. "The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways represent the two major well-studied apoptotic processes. The extrinsic pathway is mediated by a sub-group of Tumor Necrosis Factor receptors (TNFR) superfamily that includes TNFR, Fas and TRAIL." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn

DOMESTICATED FOREIGN GENES. "One classic example is the transfer of DNA from mitochondria and chloroplasts to the (eukaryotes host) nucleus after acquisition of these organelles by eukaryotes from ancient bacteria." Two gigantic cases of horizontal gene transfer to higher creatures and plants. Powering cells, controlling cell death. All by ancient bacteria. https://lnkd.in/eBQXvvd View in LinkedIn