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FUNCTIONAL EVE INSERTS. "We provide evidence that the functionality of one of these sequences has been maintained in the host genome over many millions of years, raising the possibility that captured viral sequences may have played a larger than expected role in host evolution." https://lnkd.in/bBjWGE5 View in LinkedIn

NON-RETROVIRAL EVEs. "Systematic screening revealed that sequences derived from a broad range of non-retroviral mammalian virus groups occur as endogenous elements in the genomes of mammals, birds and insect vectors. We describe the first EVEs derived from the rtDNA and dsRNA groups, thereby establishing that the complete range of known animal virus replication strategies are represented by endogenous elements in animal genomes." https://lnkd.in/bBjWGE5 View in LinkedIn

NON-RETROVIRAL INVASION. "Unexpectedly, however, we identified a large and diverse population of sequences in animal genomes that are derived from non-retroviral viruses....revealing an extensive history of non-retroviral genome invasion ranging back to at least the late Mesozoic Era (∼93 million years ago)." https://lnkd.in/bBjWGE5 View in LinkedIn

GERM LINE ENTRY. "Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the genome of the host cell as an obligate step in their replication strategy, and are thus predisposed to enter the host germ line." https://lnkd.in/bBjWGE5 View in LinkedIn

ENDOGENOUS VIRAL ELEMENTS (EVEs). "In animal genomes, the majority of EVEs are derived from reverse transcribing RNA (rtRNA) viruses (i.e. retroviruses)." https://lnkd.in/bBjWGE5 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this weekend focus on the ancient contest between viruses and their hosts to control the host cellular machinery. For millennia, viruses have devised cunning biochemical and genetic strategies to find weak spots in their host defenses, while the hosts have reacted by trying to modify their molecular machinery to resist the viruses. The cycle of genetic variation, new molecular niche, counter-adaptation continues. View in LinkedIn

VIRUS DIFFERENCES. "Our results demonstrate that increased ATP production is essential for efficient VV production. ATP is required for the budding of influenza virus. Similar up-regulation of ND4 expression after VV infection was not detected after replication of hepatitis B and C viruses or infection with influenza A virus." https://lnkd.in/ekemmeQ View in LinkedIn

VIRUS HIJACKS HOST ATP GENES. "Compared to mock-infected cells, ATP production was significantly higher in host cells after virus infection. In this study, at least some of the genes involved in ATP generation were found to be up-regulated after VV infection." https://lnkd.in/ekemmeQ View in LinkedIn

VIRUS DEPENDENCY ON HOST ATP. "Several viral factors of VV utilize ATP and several steps in viral multiplication of VV require ATP. ATP is also required for DNA packaging and capsid maturation of herpes simplex virus, for capsid assembly and release of type D retrovirus, for capsid assembly of human immunodeficiency virus, and for budding of influenza virus." https://lnkd.in/ekemmeQ View in LinkedIn

VACCINA VIRUS INFECTION. "~90% of the host genes were down-regulated after VV infection, including genes involved in DNA replication, transcription, translation, apoptosis, and the proteasome-ubiquitin degradation pathway. Only a smaller fraction of host genes were up-regulated after VV infection, including WASP protein, and genes implicated in immune responses." https://lnkd.in/ekemmeQ View in LinkedIn